There's nothing wrong with this phrase at all, Tarah. I assume from the other members' responses that it's not used in the USA, but it sounds perfectly natural to me. I, and other British English speakers, use it all the time in everyday conversation. It's a completely normal expression, and very common question here in the context of natural,informal conversation.
Yes, it is equivalent to 'What did you do?' but it's friendlier and more personal. On its own, the phrasal verb to 'get up to' or to 'be up to' is often used when children get into 'mischief' (do naughty things) for fun. For example, mum gets home and sees the house is a mess, and thinks 'Oh dear, what have they been up to?'
So if your friend has just been on holiday to Spain, and you want to know more about what he or she did, you'd say 'So, what did you get up to in Spain, then?' . It's a friendlier question than simply 'What did you do?'. 'What did you get up to?' means 'Tell me about all the fun things that you did!'