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--------- 马马虎虎 vs 马虎 ----------
从现有的文字材料来看,“马马虎虎”这个词出现得很晚(清代中后期,这表明它从“模模糊糊”变异而来的可能性很小),“马虎”的出现不早于“马马虎虎”。
网上有的语言学爱好者考证词源似乎过于随意,把好些汉语语源的词(或语素)说成来源于满语(Manchurian),例如“央求”的央,实际上这个词和词义自古有之,那时候满族还没有出现)。
有人说,“马马虎虎”来源于满语的lalahuhu,但是查词典没有发现满语有lalahuhu 这个词。
满语中有 huluri malari 这个词,意思也是“马马虎虎”。由于这个词里面的音节与“马马虎虎”很有关系,因此“马马虎虎”很有可能是由 huluri malari变异而来,音节成员极其次序经过了改造。此后经过缩略,又有了“马虎”这个词。
北京话里有个土语词“喇喇忽忽”,也是“马马虎虎”的意思。我推测,有可能也是从满语的 huluri malari的前半部分变异而来。只是马马虎虎进入了通用语,而喇喇忽忽则仅保留在土语中。
事实是否确实如此,以及变异的具体过程如何,由于本人没有深入研究,暂且存疑。(满语的文献——包括口语化的文献——还是不少的,如果对其进行深入研究可能会有结果)。
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"成语”originally means ' existing phrases (ready to be quoted or reused )'.Quite a part of them are frequently used by later people. A ‘成语词典' (The Idiom Dictionary of Chinese)' was compiled about 100 hundred years ago, which entries are quite differnt from today's 成语词典.
Today when Chinese people talk about 成语, it usually means a big part of Chinese 习语(idioms).
Chinese 习语 includes ——
成语(set classical phrases, mostly in quadrisyllable, 胸有成竹),
惯用语(common colloquial phrases with special meaning, tipically in trisyllable,挑大梁),
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谚语(proverbs,adages),
歇后语(two-part allogorical sayings,of which the first part,always stated, is descriptive, while the second part, often unstated, carries the message竹筒倒豆子,一粒儿不留),
黑话/行话(argots,jargons)
俚语(slang).
The first two parts are essential or more important for Chinese-as-a-foreign/second-language learners.