All three words have a similar meaning, but using them depends on the context. Das Meeting and die Besprechung (or das Bechprechen) are considered synonyms. Meeting however comes from the English language and means das Treffen, but das Treffen kann be used for any situation (formal or informal), where people meet up and get together, whereas das Meeting is used by Germans for more official situations e.g. a Business Meeting. Die Bechprechung (or das Bechprechen) is to discuss certain issues or matters. Das Meeting is rather to exchange and communicate common topics and issues.
Der Termin is an appointment. It's mainly used for doctor's appointment (Termin beim Arzt) or when having an appointment with a client or customer (Kundentermin).
I'm not a native German speaker, this is how I understand these words I hope I didn't confuse you even more!
;)