From my understanding with no context Flaw is an imperfection or a defect. For example, a flaw in a system means that something is wrong somewhere in the system that leads to the system not working Error is the state of something being wrong. Mistake and error can be used interchangeably in most cases. For example, and error in the system is caused by an incorrect input or a fault. "A flaw in the system can cause the system to display an error message" Shortcoming is when something is inadequate or lacking. "What are the shortcomings of the system that keep it from working at its optimal level." Mistake is when one does something accidentally. For example, if you do something without meaning to do it. " I spilled my coffee by mistake." Blunder is an embarrassing mistake. I think a blunder is mostly related to doing something embracing on a social level. I hope this helps. Feel free to ask for more clarity if you still don’t understand.

flaw, shortcoming- something is fundamentally wrong. error, mistake- effectively the same blunder- a catastrophic mistake. Subtly implies negligence or incompetence

An error is a mistake. An error means that you erred (you missed the mark/target), and a mistake is simply something wrong. A mathematical mistake. An error in the logic/thinking. Mistaken identity of the suspect/criminal. Blunder has the sense of stumbling, blundering. Sports people and gymnasts might make a mistake, a blunder, etc. A shortcoming means that they 'came up short'; i.e. when the results are in, their results are less that other people (less size, less correct answers, less quality). And a 'stuff up' is slang for a mess, a bad decision, a bad outcome. I stuffed up the cake recipe. I stuffed up in the exam. I made so many mistakes, it was a big stuff up. etc. Metal or other cast material can have flaws. There might be a flaw in the casting of liquid iron, or a building design might have a flaw (they put something in a bad position), or they forgot something important. Error and mistake are the commonest words, and flaw is used most when something is wrong with workmanship.