They have pretty much the same meaning.
e.g.
締め切りに間に合う meet the deadline
締め切りに間に合わない miss the deadline
締め切りよりも前に仕上げる beat the deadline
締め切り日 deadline date
納税期限 deadline for payment of a tax
本注文の最終期限 deadline for this order
納入期限 deadline of the delivery
期限付き手形 date bill, usance bill
(人)に対し出国期限を定める give someone a deadline to leave the country