1. This is used when something has already been purchased. (Note the past tense "did cost".) you might ask this to a friend. This can also be "What was the price of that?" "How much did you pay for that?"
2 and 3 are equivalent. They would be used if you were in a store asking about the price or to another person when you want to know the price before purchasing. Also as "what's the price of/for/on that?"
There are many more colloquial expressions. "What did that set you back?" "What's the damage?" "What would someone have to pay for that?" as examples.