I really like Rachel and Brian's answers. I just want to add that "rebuke" is used more commonly in a religious/spiritual/moral context. It's like scold but I would say much stronger. Like Brian said, it is less common, but you do hear it, especially as related to those specific topics.

If I were you, I would more or less forget about "rebuke." It's a word that is really only seen in literature and sounds a bit old-fashioned. If your boss said something negative to you, I would use the word "criticize" for that. Criticize vs. scold is an important distinction, however. "Criticize" just means to point out a problem with something. It can be intended to be constructive ("constructive criticism") and it can be academic ("literary criticism"), where the intent is to find evaluate and interpret various ideas contained in literature. Criticism can also be rude, however. Consider a sentence like: "Why do you have to criticize everything I say?" The word "scold" is used perhaps more often in the context of criticism directed to misbehaving children. For ex: "The mother scolded her children for making a mess on the floor."

Criticize would be used more in "He criticized my work or clothes." Your degrading something someone has done right or wrong. Scold is more used when the person is in the wrong. For instance, "She scolded the dog for tearing the curtains." Rebuke is a fancier form of scolding. You might sound a little odd if you use it with native speakers. There isn't really a right or wrong way. This is just how natives will interpret what your saying.