Sure.
1. "The last" can have several meanings.
A: the last= the final= there will never be any more
Ex: the last emperor of China was Puyi.
B: the last=the previous=the one before the current one
Ex: The dog I have right now is very nice, but the last dog I had was very mean.
C.the last==the most recent
Ex. The last book I read was very long, and I haven't had time to read anything since then.
2: "the latest" means "the most recent", and is usually used to discuss things that are frequently updated or that change quickly.
Ex. A: The latest news about that country has all been bad.
Ex. B: After Candidate A's major gaffe, the latest polls show him trailing candidate B. Unless things change, Candidate A will lose the election.
3. "The newest" is very different from the other items on the list.
A: It is used to talk about new physical items
Ex: All the students had new backpacks, But Bob had bought his just an hour ago, so his was the newest.
B: Occasionally, it is used to refer to fads or trends.
EX: The newest dance craze sweeping the nation is a new version of a dance that was popular in the 1970s.
4. "The most recent" can be used in most situations where you would use 最近的。
Ex: my most recent failure was when I failed to properly explain the meaning of "most recent."
I hope that helps.