"Phrasal verb(s)" omtales gjerne på norsk som "partikkelverb" eller "verb etterfulgt av faste preposisjoner". Jeg kjenner ikke til noen uttømmende liste over norske partikkelverb på nett, men kanskje du kan ha nytte av å ta en titt på denne oversikten, som er en liste over engelske partikkelverb (phrasal verbs) oversatt til norsk (NB: på norsk blir disse i noen tilfeller partikkelverb, i andre tilfeller ikke): http://exploringenglish.cappelendamm.no/c319638/artikkel/vis.html?tid=345921

I always felt this term was an invention of the EFL system because I never encountered it outside of that context. However, I never had a university course in descriptive linguistics so that is just a supposition. In standard English and literature courses I did not encounter it. Google, which is omniscient of course, gives it in Norwegian as "fraseverb" and German as "Verb mit Präposition." In English, tbh, I would call it "verbs with prepositional changes to meaning" outside of the EFL context. I have also heard them called "particle verbs" or "verb particles". Learners of English from the Romance or Asian languages can struggle with word order a bit, but I imagine it is less of an issue for learners of a Germanic language background because there is a somewhat analogous syntax in those languages.

Couldn't find anything in Norwegian, but in Danish it's "frasalverber". I don't speak Norwegian, but it's usually very similar to Danish, so i would guess that it's written the same way. I did find a Norwegian article discussing the use of phrasal verbs in the English language, but they just straight up refer to them as "phrasal verbs" rather than translating the term. So it might not even be a recognized category in Norwegian. The article: http://no.enlizza.com/norsk-phrasal-verb/