To say the truth, both sentences are wrong, exactly because of a improper use of the pronoun "el",
Pay attention please: "El automovil de la mujer..." the "el" IS NOT a pronoun but an article: "el" single, masculine, and goes togheter with the substantive >automovil< = el automovil. After the dot, you don't need to use a pronoun because there's not doubt between who is "plateado". The ending of the adjective "plateado( in "o" as practically all masculine adjectives in Spanish) tells the reader that color belongs tho the car, not to the lady.
Thus, the right way should be : "El automovil de la mujer es plateado, no (es) amarillo"
The verb is optional, but not strictly necessary.
In te second sentence, more or less the same rules applies: "El hombre no es alto; es bajo".
Rule: In Spanish, unless you want to emphasize very strongly the subject of a sentence, the conjugation of the verb shows very clearly who is acting.
"Pienso que estás aprendiendo mucho" is absolutely correct
"Yo pienso que estás aprendiendo mucho" is also correct, but it shows that "you" are strongly convinced of the fact in opposition to others not specified.