Interesting question! Thank you for that! I learn German too but I've never sen smth like this. So I'm going to let native speakers correct me in the following suggestion.
ONCE AGAIN (for quick readers) THIS IS A GUESS!
I think the topic starter thinks, that "haben" in these sentances is a "helper" verb of the past tense. But although the form (partly) and sense of the examples are pointing on that, this is not the case. This is Present Tense, I think.
"haben zu Inf" -> "ich habe etwas zu tun" (I have to do something, I have it, it belongs to me, the need to do something) This is the physical sense (so to say) of this language structure.
"ich habe etwas zu hören" — same thing. E.g. I have a bunch of new music.
"ich habe meinen Freund zu hören"
"ich habe meinen Freund spielen hören"
"ich habe meine Haare schneiden lassen"
While keepeing this in mind, I think, I got everything Eliot posted.
Ich habe Eliot schreiben erfassen.
Also could be a tipp to understand this case:
Ich habe meinen Freund (beim Tubaspielen) (zu) hören.
Ich habe Eliot (beim Schreiben) (zu) erfassen.
If I'm wrong, sorry, and please correct me.
Thanks.
--
And one more thing. I was just thinking, what will happen ifI say that in past tense?
— (Präsens) Ich habe meine Haare schneiden lassen.
— (Präteritum) Ich hatte meine Haare schneiden lassen.
— (Perfekt) Ich habe meine Haare schneiden lassen gehabt.