What time did you finish your work? - Great. A simple past, absolutely right for a point in time as you need here.
What time have you finished your work? - Nope, sorry.
You could ask
By what time have you finished your work? - this means as in each day, something repeated, ongoing.
But otherwise, finishing is a point in time, and needs a simple past.
What time do you finish work? - again, as if repeated, daily, or similar.