Forming genitive case plural (Gen.Pl.) is quite a difficult topic in the Russian language. In contrast to the masculine plural, I have found that the feminine genitive plural is poorly explained in the majority of grammatical texts. They say that there are many unpredictable exceptions, but I found just one exception. So, it is not so scary.
As you should know, the primary rule for all nouns in the genitive plural:
If a noun has no ending (zero ending) in the nominative case, it will have an ending in the genitive plural. If a noun has an ending in the nominative case, it will not have any ending in the genitive plural.
Below, I show endings in square brackets. The zero ending will be shown as [].
- Один стол[] - пять стол[ов] - masc. (one table - five tables)
- один мужчин[а] - нет мужчин[] masc. (man - no men)
- одна женщина - любовь женщин[] fem. (woman - love of women)
- одна мышь[] - без мыш[ей] fem. (mouse - without mice)
As we are considering just feminine nouns in this article, please look at this chart and see the ending in the genitive plural:
As you can see, the rule is very strict for nouns that end in -а and -ь. There is only one exception вожжá - (rein--strap for guiding a horse; usually plural вóжжи ) - вожжéй).
Here are examples:
- одна жéнщин[а] - пять жéнщин[]
- одна девочк[а] - нет девочек[] (zero ending)
- одна лóшадь[] (horse) - пять лошад[éй] (ending [ей])
Note: Sometimes you can see a mobile e, ë or o between consonants in the genitive plural. Read about it after the table below.
But it's not so easy for nouns that end in я.
The zero ending can be accompanied with ь or not барышня - нет барышен ь , конюшня - нет конюшен.
Words ending with the vowel я in post-vocalic position (where it sounds as йа drop [a] in [йа]. These words, therefore, receive a zero ending.
And finally, there are words that have the ending [ей].
I think that it will be better if I post all the frequently occurring feminine nouns ending with -я so that you can see the patterns.
You will see these patterns better if you pronounce them aloud with special attention to the stress.
And a suggestion for when you read them:
As the genitive plural is used for negating or counting things after five, please read in such way: вафля - нет вафель, сотня - пять сотен, серия - пять серий, etc.
I |
II |
III |
IV |
V |
Nouns that end in я (more precisely ня) and don't preserve the softness of the last consonant in the genitive plural. |
Nouns that end in я (almost always unstressed) and preserve the softness of the last consonant in the genitive plural by adding the soft sign (ь) |
Nouns that end in ия, ея, уя add the consonant -й after dropping the last vowel in the genitive plural. Nouns that ends in ья add ий after dropping ья -vowel + я --> -vowel + й ья --> ий |
Nouns that end in я́ (almost always stressed), remove it and add е́й in the genitive plural. Nouns that ends in ья́ add ей after dropping ья́ |
These nouns can have both I or IV type of endings. |
Zero ending |
Zero ending with a soft consonant on the end |
Actually it is a zero ending where я [йа] lost its [a] sound. |
éй ending |
Zero or ей ending |
Богоде́льня - богоде́лен alms-house; исповеда́льня - исповеда́л е н (confessional- room); колоко́льня – колоко́л е н belltower; спа́льня - спа́л е н (bedroom); чита́льня -чита́л е н (reading room); шелкопряди́льня – шелкопряди́л е н (silk mill); коню́шня – коню́ш е н (stable); кофейня - кофеен (cafe); башня - баш е н (tower); сыроварня, пивоварня, мыловарня, etc. - сыроварен, etc. (cheese dairy), brewery, soap factory), etc.** |
барышня - барыш е нь young (lady) |
aлле́я – алле́й |
до́ля – доле́й (part) |
дво́йня - дво́ен, дво́йней (twins) |
**NB. Most of them mean a sort of room or a house. |
ва́фля - ва́ф е ль |
бакте́рия - бакте́рий |
ке́гля – ке́глей (skittles, ninepins) |
тро́йня - тро́ен, тро́йней (triplets) |
земля́ - зем е́ ль |
батаре́я – батаре́й |
культя́ - культе́й (amputation stump) |
четверня́ - четверне́й (quadruplets, four-in-hand of horses) |
|
ка́пля - ка́п е ль |
змея́ – змей (snake) |
ноздря́ – ноздре́й nostril |
пятерня́ - пятерне́й (hand fem.) |
|
КУ́ХНЯ - КУ́Х О НЬ |
калория - калорий |
простыня́ - простыне́й (просты́нь) (bedsheet)* |
шестерня́ - шестерён (pinion, six-in-hand of horses) |
|
пе́тля, петля́ - пе́т е ль (loop) |
ли́лия - ли́лий |
сопля́ – сопле́й (snivel) |
||
са́бля - са́б е ль (sabre) |
лотере́я – лотере́й |
стезя́ – стезе́й (way, poetic word) |
||
басня - басен (fable) |
ту́фля - ту́ф е ль (shoe) |
сбру́я - сбру́й (harness) |
бадья́ - баде́й (tub) |
|
пéсня - пéсен song |
ца́пля - ца́пель (heron) |
се́рия - се́рий |
кутья́ - куте́й (boiled rice with raisins and honey eaten at funeral repast) |
|
сотня - сотен (a hundred) |
ба́ня – бань (Russian sauna) |
ста́туя - ста́туй |
полынья́ – полыне́йi ice hole |
|
сплéтня - сплéт е н (tittle-tattle) |
ги́ря – гирь (kettlebell) |
фотогра́фия - фотогра́фий |
ра́спря - ра́спрей |
|
ви́шня - ви́ш е н (cherry) |
ды́ня – дынь (melon) |
ше́я - шей (neck) |
свинья́ – свине́й (pig) |
|
черéшня - черéш е н (sweet cherry) |
кастрю́ля - кастрю́ль |
глазу́нья - глазу́ний (fried eggs) |
семья́ – семе́й (family) |
|
косуля - косуль |
го́стья - го́стий (guest, f.) |
скамья́ – скаме́й (bench) |
||
ми́лостыня –ми́лостынь (alms) |
пира́нья - пира́ний |
статья́ – стате́й (article) |
||
миля - миль (mile) |
сва́тья - сва́тий (mother of the son/daughter-in-law) |
судья́ – суде́й, су́дей (judge) |
||
неде́ля – неде́ль (week) |
ступня́ - ступне́й (foot) |
|||
пилю́ля - пилю́ль (pill) |
тля - тлей (plant louse) |
|||
поте́ря – поте́рь (loss) |
||||
простыня́ – просты́нь, простыне́й (bedsheet)* |
||||
пу́ля - пуль (bullet) |
||||
пусты́ня – пусты́нь (desert) |
||||
святы́ня – святы́нь (sacred object) |
||||
я́блоня - я́блонь (apple tree) |
||||
боги́ня, герои́ня, герцоги́ня, графи́ня, мона́хиня, рази́ня, рабы́ня, ня́ня, гусы́ня - боги́нь, герои́нь, герцоги́нь, графи́нь, мона́хинь, рази́нь, рабы́нь, ня́нь, гусы́нь and other women. |
*простыня can be attributed to 2nd and 4th declination
About mobile e, ё or o:
Nouns having diminutive suffix к[a] have -ек in the genitive plural after hiss (ж, ш, ч, ц). Девушка - девуш е к, девочка - девоч е к, клёцка - клёц е к (dumpling).
-йк[а] and -ька become -ек, as well. Копéйк[а] - копéек[], лéйк[а] - лéек[], сосульк[а] - сосулек[], and so on
Other consonants with к[a] become consonant +-ок[]. Немк[а] - нем о к[] (German woman).
Mobile o, e/ë helps to keep euphony. Because of the zero ending, it becomes difficult to pronounce a combination of consonants.
Mobile e, ё or o can split not only the suffix, but a root of the words, as well.
For most curious students I give a list of such feminine words which end in a.
Деньгá - дéн е г, серьгá - сер ё г, кочергá - кочер ё г, свáдьба - свáд е б, судьбá - су́д е б, усáдьба - усáд е б, ку́кла - ку́к о л.
As for words ending in я, mobile е and o are shown in red, and you can find out the tendency yourself.
Genitive plural is difficult even for native Russians. Even I think before saying the simple phrase I have no shoes. Is it У меня нет туфель? or У меня нет туфлей? To use it correctly, we should know this word in the nominative singular, but this word is used more often in the plural--and very often incorrectly.
Look at the dilemma (below) that I resolve every time I need to say: I have no shoes. (Green is correct, red is incorrect.)
So, if you ask me about shoes, I prefer to avoid to use this word both in the nominative singular or genitive plural. :-)
- Где мои туфли? Кто убрал мои туфли?
- Я не убирала твоих туфель. Я их не убирала.
- Почему ты всё время в кроссовках? У тебя есть туфли?
- Нет, у меня нет туфель. Зачем мне туфли? В кроссовках удобнее.
So, I have a question for you:
How do you say in Russian: There there are five Olyas and five Nastyas in my class. (Olya and Nastya are very popular women's names.)