There are many kinds of forming words in Indonesian. Most words are formed by combining several different components. To understand how the formation of the words we should first know some basic concepts and terms as described below. To shorten and clarify the discussion, we use words that are not grammatical or technical nature to explain such words as possible. We do not discuss about infix (inserts are rarely used), reduplication and words that berafiks compound.

Definition of Terms

the base (root) = the simplest words that do not have a suffix, also can be classified as primary forms (single) and forms the basis of (complex), but the difference in the two forms are not discussed here.

affixes (affixes) = unit bound (a set of specific letters) which when added to the base will alter the meaning and form a new word. Affixes can not stand alone and must be attached to other units such as basic words. The term affixes including prefixes, suffixes and konfiks.

(prefixes) = affixes (affixes) attached in front of the base to form a new word with a different meaning.

suffix (suffix) = affixes (affixes) attached at the back of the base to form a new word with a different meaning.

konfiks (sirkumfiks / simulfiks) = simultaneous (concurrent), an affix attached before a base word and affixes attached at the back of the base which together support the function.

said derivative (derivative) = a new word derived from the base that got affixes.

family said base = group of words which are all derived from the root word and have different affixes.

Common Indonesian affixes

prefix: Air-, in-, to-, me-, clicking-, mem-, meny-, pe-, development-, lawyer-, ed-, per-, se-, ter-

suffixes:-an,-it,-i,-too,-was,-kah, his

konfiks: to - an, air - an, pe - an, lawyer - an, eds - an, development - an, per - s, se - its

Affix use

Studying the process of forming words and affixes affixing method is the key to understanding the meaning of words and learning to read texts derivative Indonesian. Most of the words contained in newspapers and magazines Indonesia berafiks. If someone understand the basic meaning of the word, he can understand the meaning of most words derived (inherited) from the base word by using the general rules for each type of affixes.

If we can accept a little mistake in the use of affixes, we can simplify the discussion of affixes (affixes). In classifying types of words (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) we use the classification rules according to Big Indonesian Dictionary (Balai Pustaka, Ministry of Education and Culture, Second Edition - 1991) compiled and published by the Government of Indonesia. The description below is to outline the results of adding affixes (affixes) to the base, not to explain when affixes are used. This dictionary is not described on the basis of word origins (etymology). It should be noted that the following description is more in touch with deeds (actions) in a sentence - who is doing the action, the results of deeds, deed or action direction and whether the action was a major focus in the sentence or not.

Frequency of use of Affix

In this dictionary there are 38 308 entries (not including abbreviations, acronyms and compound entries) where 22 022 and 16 286 berafiks not berafiks. According to the percentages, 57% and 43% berafiks not. In other words, for each entry in the dictionary 9, 5 and 4 berafiks said no other word.

In 1998, informally, we analyzed 10,000 Indonesian words of a common issue in Indonesia. Of 10,000 words, there are 2,887 or approximately 29% said berafiks and 7,113 or 71% are not. In other words, for every 100 words in a newspaper or magazine, you may be able to find 29 words and 71 words berafiks not berafiks. Level of use of each affix is described below.

Affix application

areas: add this prefix to form verbs (verbs) that often means (meaning) have or have something. Can also indicate the state or condition of a particular attribute. More active use of the prefix means using or working on something. The main function of the prefix "air" is to show that the subject of the sentence is the person or thing having the action in the sentence. Many verbs with the affix "areas" have the same word to form adjectives in English. Approximately one in every 44 words written in Indonesian have this prefix.

me, clicking-, pulled, meny, mem-: add any of these prefixes to form verbs which often indicates active action where the main focus of the sentence is the doer, not the action or the object of the action. This type often has a prefix meaning work, produce, do or be something. The most common prefixes used and about one out of every 13 words written in Indonesian have one of these prefixes.

in-: This prefix has a very close affinity with the prefix "me." Prefix "me-" prefix indicates active action while "in-" denotes a passive action, in which the action or the object of the action is the main focus in the sentence, and not the perpetrator. Approximately one in every 40 words written in Indonesian have this prefix.

pe-: This prefix forming nouns indicating persons or agent who acts in a sentence. Words with this prefix could also have meaning tools used to perform these acts on the base. If the bases are adjectives, the word is formed with these prefixes have basically said properties or characteristics. Approximately one in every 110 words written in Indonesian have this prefix.

ter-: Approximately one out of every 54 words written in Indonesian have this prefix. The addition of affixes This raises two possibilities.

(1) If added to the base word adjectives, adjectives that usually results or conditions expressed the highest level (extreme) or superlative. (Eg: the biggest, most high, most recently, the least expensive)

(2) If added to the basic words that are not adjectives, verbs that states generally produce perfective aspect, which is an act that has been completed. Affixes can also show spontaneous act, an act which occurs suddenly or unintentional (eg action by actors who are not mentioned, the perpetrator does not get attention or natural actions). The focus of the sentence is the condition that the resultant actions and not focus on how the doer of the deed or the resultant condition is reached.

a: add the prefix can produce some kind words. This prefix is often regarded as a substitute for "a" in certain situations. Approximately one in every 42 words written in Indonesian have this prefix. The most common use of these prefixes are as follows:

1. to declare an object, unit or entity (such as "a" or "the" in English)

2. to declare the whole or the whole

3. to express uniformity, sameness or similarity

4. to declare the action in the same time or declare something related to time

Late: add the suffix is usually produced nouns that show the results of an action. This suffix can also indicate where, tools, instruments, aircraft, and so on. Approximately one in every 34 words written in Indonesian have this suffix.

-I: add the suffix would produce verbs that show looping, giving something or cause something. This suffix is often used to move the action to a place or indirect object in the sentence which is fixed and does not get the effect of such actions. This suffix also shows where and to whom the action was directed. Approximately one in every 70 words written in Indonesian have this suffix.

-It: add the suffix would produce a verb that indicates the cause, the process of making or the onset of an event. Its main function is to act verbs move to another part of the sentence. Approximately one out of every 20 words written in Indonesian have this suffix.

-Kah: add the suffix indicates that an utterance is a question and suffixes are added to the word in question is the focus of the sentence. This suffix is rarely used.

-Lah: This suffix has a different use and confusing, but in a nutshell it can be said that this suffix is often used to refine the command, to show politeness or stressed expression. Only about one in every 400 words written in Indonesian have this suffix.

to late: this Konfiks the most commonly used and about one out of every 65 words written in Indonesian have this konfiks. Konfiks this is to:

1. noun form stating the results of actions or state in general terms that express the things that relate to the basic

2. form a noun that refers to a place or origin

3. adjectival form which declared a state of excess

4. verb form stating coincidence

.

pe's, lawyer's, ed's, early development: the use of one of the four konfiks This usually results in a noun that shows the ongoing process of action designated by the verb in the sentence. Approximately one in every 75 words written in Indonesian have this konfiks.

per-ng: add konfiks will produce a noun that shows the results of an act (not the process) and can also show you where. Meaning often refers to a state designated by the base word or deed results verb in the sentence. This situation is similar to that obtained by using konfiks "to late", but is usually less common and more concrete or specific. Approximately one in every 108 words written in Indonesian have this konfiks.

se - it: Konfiks often appear together with a single base word or root word repetition to form adverbs indicating a state of the highest attainable by action verbs (eg, maximum = highest possible).

It: There's the use of "him" as pure a suffix change the meaning of the word essence, but it is a concept that is rather complicated and less common and are not discussed here. example: usually = usually; apparently = apparently

Her,-ku,-mu: these units is not a pure affix and everything is not included as an entry in the dictionary. In general, these units are considered as a pronoun that express ownership combined with basic word which does not change the basic meaning of the word. For example, the word "my book" = my book, "your book" = your book, "book" = book him or their books. In addition to the pronouns who claimed ownership, the unit "it" can also have a function to show something. For example, "book" means "book", when "it" serves as a pointer.

The use of "her" either as pronouns or pointer (not as pure suffix) is very common and about one out of every 14 words written in Indonesian have this unit. The use of "my" and "your" varies according to the type of writing. Two types of pronouns is very commonly used in comics, short stories and other writings unofficial, and are rarely used in more formal writing such as newspapers and news magazines