In this sentence "Had this test been invented, there are hundreds of men now walking the earth who would long ago have paid the penalty of their crimes."
What does "have paid the penalty of their crimes" mean?
It means that they did something as a result of their actions like serving jail, having a big burden, etc.
2021년 9월 3일
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Hi Motahareh
That phrase basically means that the group of people committed a crime and have basically received punishment for that crime such as jail time.
There’s another issue with tense at the start though other than that I hope this helps. If you want to learn more than feel free to message me!