"Because" is logically pure. For example, if x is an even number and y is odd, a mathematician would say "x+y is odd because one of the numbers is odd and the other is even". A mathematician would be unlikely to use the other words because they refer to human circumstances: owing and thanking, and there is nothing human about x and y.
"Thanks" implies gratitude. It has the ability to be positive, but is not always so. For example, you could say "the picnic will take place today thanks to the good weather". It can also be negative: "the meal was bad thanks to the terrible chef". The two examples have something important in common: in both cases "thanks" expresses emotion (positive or negative), whereas "because" does not.
"Owing and due to" do not explicitly express emotion. Like "because", they make a connection between cause and effect but the connection lacks the logical firmness of "because". For example, you would say "due to our busy schedules, we will not play tennis today". The connection between our schedules and tennis lacks precision. It is a casual relation, not causal, scientific or absolute.