Can anybody help me to understand the meaning of phrase? In the Internet I usually can find a word "stripped" which refers to the song. In short, there are some songs, for example, "Halsey - Colors", and there is another version of this song "Halsey - Colors (Stripped)". I cannot understand the difference between them and I didn't find a definition of a word "stripped" in dictionaries, it's hard for me to understand what it means. I'll be very grateful if anybody can answer my question! :)