Yes, it can mean that, but more like 'In the end, I found out that I had got the job' or 'The reality of the situation was that I got the job'. So it has a sense of the events becoming known to you (and perhaps there was some doubt that you would get it).

Yes, exactly — "turn out" in that sentence means "in the end" or "finally, this is what happened." So when you say: "It turns out I got the job," you mean: "In the end, I got the job," or "I found out that I got the job, and that was the result." It's often used when something is surprising or different from what you expected. Here are a few more examples: We thought it would rain, but it turned out to be sunny. (In the end, it was sunny.) I didn’t study much, but it turned out the test was easy. (The test was easy, which was unexpected.)