They mean the same thing.
You can throw something just as hard (or fast) as you can hurl something. The main difference would be the context in which the words would be used. That is, in some contexts, one word might be more usual than the other, and thus sound more natural. But there is no difference in meaning. And "to hurl" can be used with no notion of anger.
Except that, as stated above, "To hurl" is also slang for "to vomit." But "to throw" is not slang for "to vomit."