Sorry, but there isn't an adjective based on the word 'question' which we can use when talking about grammatical constructions. As you say, the term is 'interrogative'. But in some ways, we don't need one. An interrogative sentence is a question.

Dear Hamed, My opinion, a decent word that you are looking for might be "interrogative." I had a job before in which we used radios for communication. When we had a question we would say; "interrogative" then ask the question with an intonation at the end. Interrogate, interrogative, interrogatively. I got acquired these words from the dictionary.

As the person above mentioned, a question sentence is simply a question and it would be redundant otherwise. However, it would not wrong to describe a sentence in such way. For example, you can describe a sentence as being, as you have already said, interrogative or something similar like inquisitive. However, you would have to structure your sentence differently to avoid sounding weird. As opposed to, "a negative sentence", you would have to say, "this sentence is inquisitive".

Here's proof that there just isn't any such adjective in English. is the popular U.S. game show "Jeopardy." The ONLY natural way to explain the rule in English is: "You must give your reply in the form of a question." Suppose the challenge is: "It is called the 'Red Planet.'" If someone answers "What is Mars?" their response is correct. If someone answers "Mars," their response is wrong. The ONLY way to explain what is wrong is to say "That wasn't in the form of a question," or "You needed to respond with a question" or "That isn't a question." You CAN'T say "Your response wasn't questioning" or "questionable" or "dubious" or "declarative" or "uninterrogative." Here's another example. In recent years, younger U.S. English speakers, particularly young women, have begun to use a rising intonation at the end of ordinary declarative sentences--"upspeak." See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_rising_terminal . People who find this annoying can only describe it in one way: "It makes the sentence sound like a question." The ONLY way to express the idea is with the words "like a question."