For me,
伤害 is more used as "hurt".
e.g: 我并没打算伤害你。
I don't aim to hurt you.
损害 is more used as "damage".
e.g: 地震造成很大损害。
The earthquake caused great damage. (In this case, 损害 is like damages.)
去掉那些有可能损害你健康的坏习惯。
Do away with the bad habits that might damage your health.
危害 in some cases is the same with 损害
like:损害/危害你健康的坏习惯。
but 危害 is more like “harm”
e.g:长期大量吸烟会危害身体健康, 甚至导致死亡。
Smoking a lot of cigarettes can harm and even kill over a long period of time.