1.- The differences are so subtle. Between alabar and elogiar. the second one means to make visible and to enlarge the success or the capabilities of someone. Basically, both of them means to flatter. We use this words when we say things about somebody. Halagar means we want to make someone feel good. It implies doing things more than say things. For instance, if we have a guest in our house and we give him the best wine, and the best food, that's halagar. Wen we say our guest is the best at something, it's elogiar. Maybe, if we express our admiration for the clothes, or the haircut... that is alabar. 2.-Hacerse daño / lastimarse are absolutelly the same. The first form is used in Spain and the second is not. In south américa the second one is used, but I'm not sure about the first. Herirse, at least in Spain, implies bleeding: the skin broken in more or less degree. examples: - Me golpeé con un árbol y me hice daño/lastimé. - Me herí en el labio al afeitarme. 3.- The difference among them is placed in the intensity. The lowest is ganas, then deseo and the most, anhelo. - Tengo gana de llegar a casa y quitarme los zapatos. - Deseo que lleguen pronto las vacaciones. - Anhelo casarme con mi novia y vivir juntos. 4.- Tarde is the timing between lunch and dinner. Velada is the time spent in company after dinner, and night is just the time after dinner or the time after the sunset, when the sky is black. - Tengo que hacer algo esta tarde. - Tras la cena, disfrutamos de una agradable velada entre amigos - Esta noche saldré a cenar y volveré a casa tarde. (Here tarde means late).

Hi, Derek! Pedro answered your question so accurately that there's almost nothing else to add. I wonder, are you in an advanced level of Spanish? These questions are for someone that manages the language very well. If so, congratulations!