1. 即使有至善的道理，如果不去学习，也不能知道它的美好可贵。 2. 陛下不善于带兵，但善于统领将领。 3.这就是韩信我被陛下捉住的原因了。 4.老妇人说：“只要功夫下足了，没有什么做不了的。” 5.李白深有感触，于是立马回去继续学习,完成学业后，终于成了名士。 6.又夸耀自己的矛，说：“我的矛非常锋利，什么坚固的东西都能刺穿。” 7.田里有棵树桩，兔子跑过去撞上了，脖子折断而死。 8.如今想要用先王的治国政策，来管理当代的国民，也是和守株待兔（的行为）一样。

5. Here 白 refers to 李白, the poet. The story took place when he was a kid... Li Po was moved by her words and continued with his lesser (primary) studies. From his lowly status, he became a man of distinction. 6. Again, he bragged about his spear, "My spear is sharp, nothing would not, not be pierced (harmed) by it"

4. The old lady said, "When you have merit, success will come automatically. This is all to it (耳)" 7. In the field, there is a tree, a rabbit came running, hit the tree, broke its neck and died". 8. If you want to govern today's people with the previous ruler's principles, then you are merely trust chance rather than show initiative. Here "guarding the tree" refers to the parable in #7.

I guess you don't understand the meaning and hence not able to translate into modern Chinese. Since you are studying Classical Chinese, I am sure you must know modern Chinese... So I shall provide you the English translation... 1. Knowledge exists. If you don't study it, how would you know its value? 2. Your Majesty should not micro-manage the troops but to use your generals well. 3. There can be more than one translation. For example, without context and by language only, "It is thus your in him/me that he/I will slave for you". With context, 信 refers to 韓信... So it can be 这就是为什么我韩信为陛下效劳的原因

2.皇帝不能统帅士兵，但很擅长统帅将领