1.领悟,in Chinese both verb and noun. .
Means comprehending something ,in the mean time tasting some truch.
ex. 他的经历让我领悟(verb.)到”有志者事竟成”。(His experience made me comprehended that where there is a will there is a way. )
ex. 我对这个故事的领悟(noun.)是“失败乃成功之母”。(My comprehension on this story is “Failure is the mother of success”).
Note:领悟 is often used esp.in formal written Chinese and means getting some philosophy of life.
2. 了解:in Chinese both verb and noun.
⑴means know something quite well
ex.我了解(verb.)他的工作,他现在确实很忙。(I'm familiar with his work.He’s really busy now.)
ex.我希望对他有更多的了解(noun.)。(I want to know more about him.)
⑵means pry into or investigate something
ex.小王,你去了解一下,老李今天缺席的原因。(XiaoWang, go to ask about why LaoLi is absent today.)
Note:If “了解”is followed by a person,it means know his character and be familiar with him
ex.你是我最好的朋友,你应该很了解我。(You are my best friend,and you should know me well.)
3理解:in Chinese both verb and noun.
Means understand some principle, reason or truth by thinking , generally the object is some question or abstract.When“理解”is followed by a person,it means know his mood or the reason of his doing
ex.那时候,我还小,无法理解(verb.)他的话。(At that time,i was too young to understand his words)
ex.我对这篇文章的理解(noun.)错了。(My comprehension on this article is wrong.)
ex.你丈夫工作很忙,你应该理解他。(Your husband is busy working,you should know him.)
4.明白:verb&adj.
⑴verb.Means know the meaning and content
ex.你明白我的意思吗?(Do you understand what I mean?)
⑵adj. Means clear or exact (esp.describe the meaning and content)
ex.他已经解释得很明白了。(He has explained it clearly.)
5.懂得:verb(=明白)
Means know meaning or the way of doing something
ex.你懂得这句话的意思吗?(Do you know the meaning of this words?)
ex.我懂得了怎么和别人相处。(I know how to communicate with others.)
6.知晓:verb
知晓=知道+晓得(明白)
It is a ancient prose word in Chinese.And it is seldom used now,esp. in oral speaking.So I think you don’t have to study it any more.
ex.汝之心意,兄已知晓。(I have known your mind.)