In the example you gave, the meaning is almost exactly the same.
Usually if you think of something, it's an idea just came to your mind. If you're thinking about something it's probably been in your mind for some time.
"Can you think of anything?" is asking for an idea, or a solution to a problem.
"Can you think about it?" is asking someone to consider an idea that already exists.
Thinking "about" something is a longer, more continuous action.
However, when talking about people we often use "thinking of you" to mean "thinking about you"
It's easy to see why this would be confusing to people trying to learn English. I hope this answer helps you a little.