This is a very interesting question! By far the most usual meaning of "prove" in English is "to show conclusively," "to demonstrate the truth of:" "Sherlock Holmes proved that Roylott was the murderer." "Euclid proved that if the three sides of a triangle are equal, the three angles must be equal." "When a ship goes from the Atlantic to the Pacific through the Panama Canal, it is actually traveling east." "I don't believe it. Prove it!" "OK, look at the map in this atlas." "Prove" also has a meaning that's shown in dictionaries but is an older meaning that is rarely used. It is the same as "probar!" It means "to put something to a test," "to try something and see how well it works." It really isn't used much any more, and many English speakers don't even know that meaning. A gunnery range where they test guns is "a proving ground." The famous 1611 English translation of the Bible, the "King James version," translates 1 Thessalonians 5:21 as "Prove all things; hold fast that which is good." That means to try everything out. A modern version translates the same verse as "but test them all; hold on to what is good." You would usually translate "probar" as "to try" or "to test," almost never "to probe." "To probe" has a narrow meaning. "Probe" is also a noun. A noun is a sharp, pointed instrument of some kind, that is used to penetrate something, often to find out what is inside. "To probe" means to use a probe. Thus: "The searchers used poles to probe for the skiers buried in the avalanche." Obviously there is an overlap with the idea of testing and trying. When we ask a series of carefully targeted questions in order to extract the truth, we sometimes speak of "pointed questions" or "probing questions." "During the cross-examination, the lawyer asked the defendant a series of probing questions."

To probe is to test, usually by some kind of tool or a figurative tool. To prove is to demonstrate, establish, or show truth, authenticity, ability, or character The past participle of prove can be either "proved" or "proven".