When I learn a character, first, I look at its radical. This allows you to distinguish between two characters such as 稻 (dào paddy; rice) and 蹈 (dǎo tread; follow). In this case, the left part is the radical, it tells us what the word is talking about. The 1st one is about grain 禾, whereas the other one is about foot 足. Then, the right part 舀 yao3 (bale out) gives a phonetic clue to pronounce the character (in other cases, that part is just meaningful). Once you identified the radical, you have to get familiar with the other part. Very often, you'll notice that it is also used in other characters. For example, 舀 is also used in 滔滔 (tāotāo, torrential), 搯 (tāo, variant of 掏 tāo 'pull out'), and a few other characters always pronounced dao or tao (in different tones). In "torrential", the radical is water 氵, whereas in "pull out" the radical is a hand 扌. This makes sense, doesnt' it?
Once I memorized the radicals, how do I memorize the right part of a character? I look carefully at it and try to make a connection between its shape, the way I draw its different elements, and its meaning or the meaning of the whole character. As for 舀, it's quite easy to see that it represents a 爪 hand emptying a 臼 mortar. The 1st time I realized it could be so easy to remember the meaning of some Chinese characters and how they were written was when I first met the character 狱 (yù, lawsuit, jail; representing two dogs with words between them, as a separation). However, there are many characters I still find difficult to memorize, sometimes I can only remember their pronounciation but I forgot their meaning, or I can remember only the meaning of others but I forgot how to read them! But when this happens, it's only because I didn't use the above mentioned method; I just looked at them and searched their meaning hastily, as a result, after a few days, I can't really remember them. Anyhow, learning Chinese characters is always stimulating! 加油!