"For four weeks at a time" = every time a person goes, he or she stays four weeks.
"For up to four weeks at a time" = When a person goes, he or she can leave before the four weeks is up,but can stay the full four.
I get by in German on holidays = You have already been to Germany on holiday and have gotten by with your German.
I can get by in German on holidays = Implies a holiday yet to come - you have the ability to get by if it happens.