Hi Miguel, In English, I don't think there's a difference between the sentiments.
I think the literal meaning of 'Te Quiero' is 'I want you' and 'Te Amo' is 'I love you' but really we just use 'I love you' in the situations that you have described (with girlfriends, family, food, film etc).
In terms of 'I like', you can use this for example when you're attracted to someone or if you get on well with them.
'I really like Susana, I think she's beautiful'
'I really like the new boss, he seems like a very fair person'