Hello Hunter,
bread vs bagels:
Bread is a basic food made from flour, water, and yeast mixed together and baked .
Bagels are soft, chewy, circular piece of bread with a hole in the center.
The difference between them isn't the ingredients ,ingredients are the same but the density is different.
Bagels are certainly denser than bread. Before they're baked, they're boiled in water making them heavy.
Another difference lies in shape ,since the bagels have that specific circular shape.
cakes vs muffins:
A cake is a sweet food made from flour, eggs, fat, and sugar mixed together and baked. It is usually baked in bigger sizes and way more sweet than muffins.
A muffin is a small, round, usually sweet bread, baked in a pan.