Good question! The difference comes down to how "where" and "that" function in a sentence:
1. "Where" already implies location, so no preposition is needed:
* The garage where I always go for repairs was closed today.
* ("Where" replaces "to which," so "go to" becomes just "go.")
2. "That" is a relative pronoun, not an adverb of place, so we still need "to" for correct grammar:
* The garage that I always go to for repairs was closed today.
* (Without "to," the sentence would be ungrammatical: "The garage that I always go for repairs" ❌.)
So, "where" includes the sense of "to" by itself, but "that" does not—which is why "to" is required when using "that."