女人 and 女性 have the same meaning at some situations,it means a gender against man(男人/男性).But when u say 女性，it is more of respect .Among all the words u required,夫人is of the most respect and formal saying,When u called somebody "夫人" it often means that her husband has a very outstanding status. 妇女 is a calling for the women that have been married.

女人、女性。Women、female both refer to all the women, whether girl or woman. it Value is the difference between the gender against man/male(男人、男性) The definition of‘妇女’ is a general term for adult women. Not just refer to married women.‘妇’means married woman ,a wife. But young girls don’t like people call the ‘妇女’so,if you want mension a female’s sex.you can say ：you are a ‘女孩’、 ‘女生’ 、‘女人’。 In general, 15 years old (hereinafter referred to as the‘少女’, and girl under the age of 14 said‘幼女’/‘女孩’, children under the age of 7 is ‘小女孩’. ‘夫人’ Refers to male spouses courtesy call ，we usually put her husband family name in front of the‘夫人’in social courtesy .李夫人means 李先生的妻子。Mrs.li means Mr.li ‘s wife. ‘夫人’also means a women who is the older or have certain social status .‘夫人’is a word you can show your respect. In your example: "I don't know if I can go out for a beer with you after work, I will have to ask the Mrs." You should say ‘I will have to ask my wife’ 我不知道我能不能下班之后和你出去喝个啤酒，我需要去问问我的夫人。 ‘夫人’means ‘老婆/妻子’here。So you should translate it to ‘wife’ not ‘mrs.’ These are my own opinion about 女人，女性，妇女，夫人.i hope it can help you understand it.

女人 (woman)women 女性 female 妇女 married woman(women) 夫人 (somebody's) wife

女人：There are tree women in the room. 女性=Female：Mary is a female in gender. 妇女：Mary was a girl. After marry, she become a women. 夫人=Mrs.：Mrs. Mary is coming.

1. “女人”相对于“男人”，当你称一个人“女人”时，已经承认她是成熟的，（例：她是一个具有成熟魅力的女人）所以你最好不要称十几岁的女孩为女人，因为这会让对方不舒服——“女人”有时与“性”联系在一起（例：我想和那个女人做爱） 2. 女性相当于“female”，比较正式，比较书面的用法。如果在正式场合，你拿不定要怎么称呼，说“女性”一般不会出错。（例：作为一个有学识有涵养的现代女性，……） 3. “妇女”表示已婚女性，但暗含“普通的已婚女性”的意思，一般“妇女节”用得比较多……即使你遇到一个已婚女性，也别叫她“妇女”，她会不高兴的，绝对……> < 4. “夫人”比“爱人”，“妻子”等正式，更高端大气上档次，在宴会等隆重的场合人们会这样介绍对方“这位是xxx的夫人”，你可能在新闻上看到“习近平携夫人彭丽媛出访某某国家”。 At first I intended to translated the answer into English after I finish it . But now I am too tired to do so. If you think translation is needed, just tell me.