If you have ever wondered what the mysterious little words mi, ti, si, ci, vi are doing in front of Italian verbs, you are in the right place. In this article, we are diving into the world of reflexive verbs, in particular we will learn: 1. What reflexive verbs are 2. How to conjugate them 3. T

If you have ever wondered what the mysterious little words mi, ti, si, ci, vi are doing in&nbsp;front of Italian verbs, you are in the right place.&nbsp; In this article, we are diving into the world of reflexive verbs, in particular we will learn:&nbsp; 1. What reflexive verbs are&nbsp;2. How to conjugate them&nbsp;3. The difference between reflexive, reciprocal and idiomatic verbs 4. How reflexive verbs work in the Passato Prossimo&nbsp;5. The most common reflexive verbs&nbsp; Are you ready? Let’s dive in!&nbsp; <h3>1. What reflexive verbs are&nbsp;</h3>In Italian, a verb is reflective when the action reflects back onto the subject. In other&nbsp;words, the subject does something on itself.&nbsp;e.g.:&nbsp;• Mi lavo → I wash myself• Lei si pettina → She brushes her hair&nbsp; In English, you often add “myself”, “yourself”, etc.&nbsp;But in italian, you may want to use a reflexive pronoun with a reflexive verb when the&nbsp;action is performed on the subject.&nbsp;Let's see what reflexive pronouns exist in Italian:&nbsp; • Mi - myself&nbsp;• Ti - yourself&nbsp;• Si - himself/herself/itself&nbsp;• Ci - ourselves&nbsp;• Vi - yourselves&nbsp;• Si - themselves&nbsp; You might be wondering now how to recognize a reflexive verb when you encounter one. Let me tell you a little trick: you will always recognize them because they end in –si in its&nbsp;infinitive form.&nbsp;Can you think of any?&nbsp;Later on in this article, I will give you a list of the most common ones, so ensure to read&nbsp;until the end!&nbsp; <h3>2. How to conjugate them&nbsp;</h3>Conjugating a reflexive verb could seem tricky, but it is easier than you imagine. Let me show you how to conjugate the verb alzarsi (to get up) at the present: • Io mi alzo - I get up&nbsp;• Tu ti alzi - You get up&nbsp;• Lui/Lei si alza - He/She gets up• Noi ci alziamo - We get up&nbsp;• Voi vi alzate - You all get up&nbsp;• Loro si alzano - They get up&nbsp; <h3>3. The difference between reflexive, reciprocal, and idiomatic verbs&nbsp;</h3> At this point, you may think that all reflexive verbs mean “doing something to the&nbsp;subject”, and you may also be right, because I did not tell you the whole truth. There are actually three categories that you must know.&nbsp; 1. True reflexive verbs&nbsp;These are the verbs that hold the exact same features that we have seen so far, i.e. the&nbsp;subject performs the action on itself.&nbsp;e.g.&nbsp;• Lavarsi - to wash oneself&nbsp;• Vestirsi - to get dressed&nbsp;• Truccarsi - to put on makeup&nbsp;• Pettinarsi - to comb one's hair&nbsp; 2. Reciprocal reflexive verbs&nbsp;These are reflexive verbs whose actions are performed by two (or more) subjects at the&nbsp;same time on each other.&nbsp;e.g.&nbsp;• Abbracciarsi - to hug each other&nbsp;• Vedersi - to see each other&nbsp;• Sentirsi - to talk; keep in touch&nbsp;• Aiutarsi - to help each other&nbsp; 3. Idiomatic reflexive verbsThese are tricky reflexive verbs that look reflexive only in their form. Indeed, they do not&nbsp;bear the same meaning (the action is not on the subject), but to be able to conjugate&nbsp;them you have to know how to conjugate a reflexive verb.&nbsp;e.g.&nbsp;• Accorgersi - to notice&nbsp;• Rendersi conto - to realize&nbsp;• Farsi male - to hurt oneself&nbsp;• Mettersi a - to start (doing something)&nbsp;Unfortunately, the only way to remember them is: studying and using them! :)&nbsp; 4. How reflexive verbs work in the Passato Prossimo&nbsp;So far, we have seen the form, the meaning and how to use these infamous reflexive&nbsp;verbs, and it looks like we are making lots of progresses (we actually are!) But, you won’t be able to use them properly if you don’t train yourself to use them in the&nbsp;past tense, especially in the Passato Prossimo.&nbsp;Here is the rule you have to master:&nbsp; All reflexive verbs use Essere (to be) as their auxiliary verb.&nbsp;So the structure is:&nbsp;Mi/ti/si/ci/vi/si + Essere + Past Participle&nbsp; N.B.: The Past Participle must always agree with gender and number of the subject!&nbsp;e.g.:&nbsp;• Mi sono alzata (feminine and singular, that is why the Past Participle ends in -a) - I woke up&nbsp;• Mi sono alzato (masculine and singular, that is why the Past Participle ends in - o) - I woke upOther examples:&nbsp;• Ci siamo divertiti (masculine and plural, that is why the Past Participle ends in - i) - We had fun&nbsp;• Ci siamo divertite (feminine and plural, that is why the Past Participle ends in -e) - We had fun&nbsp; 5. The most common reflexive verbs&nbsp;We have finally reached almost the end of this article.&nbsp;Congratulations if you made it until now!&nbsp;As promised, here below are the most common verbs that are used with reflexive verbs:&nbsp;o Addormentarsi - to fall asleep&nbsp;o Abbronzarsi - to get a tan&nbsp;o Allontanarsi - to go away; to distance oneself&nbsp;o Alzarsi - to get up&nbsp;o Annoiarsi - to get bored&nbsp;o Chiamarsi - to call each other&nbsp;o Divertirsi - to have fun&nbsp;o Fermarsi - to stop&nbsp;o Innamorarsi - to fall in love with&nbsp;o Laurearsi - to graduate&nbsp;o Lavarsi - to wash oneself&nbsp;o Pettinarsi to comb one’s hair&nbsp;o Prepararsi - to get ready&nbsp;o Rilassarsi - to relax&nbsp;o Riposarsi - to rest&nbsp;o Sbrigarsi - to hurry upo Sdraiarsi - to lie down&nbsp;o Sedersi - to sit down&nbsp;o Sposarsi - to get married&nbsp;o Stancarsi - to get tired&nbsp;o Svegliarsi - to wake up&nbsp;o Truccarsi - to put on make up&nbsp;o Ubriacarsi - to get drunk&nbsp;o Vestirsi - to get dressed&nbsp;That is all for today’s lesson!&nbsp; I hope you found this article useful and that you learned something.&nbsp;Reflexive verbs might look intimidating at first, but once you understand the logic behind&nbsp;them, they become second nature. Use them when talking about your day, about how&nbsp;you feel, or about things you do to yourself. The more you use them, the more natural&nbsp;they will become.&nbsp;The secret is practice!&nbsp; Of course, if you have any questions or other topics you would like me to cover, let me&nbsp;know in the comments below.&nbsp;Thank you for reading this article!&nbsp;If you want to learn more about me, feel free to check out my profile. Ciao!&nbsp;Germana

Italian Reflexive Verbs:  What they are and how to use them

Christmas in France is more than a holiday - it’s a tapestry woven from history, regional customs, family rituals, and a uniquely French sense of celebration. For learners of the language, discovering how France celebrates Noël is a beautiful way to understand its culture, its values, and its lov

Christmas in France is more than a holiday - it’s a tapestry woven from history, regional customs, family rituals, and a uniquely French sense of celebration. For learners of the language, discovering how France celebrates Noël is a beautiful way to understand its culture, its values, and its love of good food, good company, and meaningful moments.&nbsp; Here’s a deeper look at what makes Christmas in France so special.&nbsp;<h3>1. Ancient roots: from winter rituals to Christian celebration&nbsp;</h3> Long before France was France, and long before Christianity spread across Europe, people gathered in mid-winter to mark the solstice - the moment when the days slowly begin to grow longer again. These celebrations represented hope, renewal, and the return of light. Bonfires, evergreen branches, and feasts were common, many of which would later influence Christmas traditions.&nbsp; When Christianity took hold, the festival of the Nativity blended with older customs. The result wasn’t a replacement, but a merging: a spiritual celebration enriched by the rhythm of rural life and seasonal rituals.&nbsp; Several traditions that seem “French” today actually come from a mix:&nbsp;● The Christmas tree arrived from Germanic cultures in the Middle Ages.&nbsp;● The yule log (later transformed into the famous dessert) was originally a large wooden log burned to protect the home for the coming year.&nbsp;● Nativity scenes became popular thanks to Saint Francis of Assisi, spreading throughout Europe before taking root in Provence, where they became miniature works of art.&nbsp; Christmas in France carries these layers naturally - at once sacred, festive, and deeply symbolic.&nbsp; <h3>2. Family traditions: the real heart of the season&nbsp;</h3> If there’s one thing the French hold close at Christmas, it’s family. More than gifts, more than decorations, the holiday revolves around being together.&nbsp; The Christmas Eve - Le Réveillon de Noël On the night of December 24th, families gather for a long, indulgent dinner. The menu varies by region, but often includes:&nbsp;● foie gras,&nbsp;● oysters and seafood,&nbsp;● roasted poultry like capon or duck,&nbsp;● specialty cheeses,&nbsp;● and of course the bûche de Noël, a rolled cake traditionally made with chocolate or chestnut cream.&nbsp; It’s a slow meal, full of conversation, laughter, and second servings. Dessert may arrive close to midnight - and in some families, even later.&nbsp; Père Noël and the children’s excitement&nbsp; Children typically place shoes under the tree, a tradition older than the modern Santa stocking. Père Noël delivers gifts during the night, often accompanied by Père Fouettard in certain regions, a folkloric figure who… let’s just say wasn't known for handing out chocolates.&nbsp; Regional traditions that keep the charm alive&nbsp; France’s diversity shines particularly bright during the holidays:&nbsp;● Alsace is famous for its world-renowned Christmas markets, half-timbered houses, and gingerbread.&nbsp;● Provence celebrates with the treize desserts (“thirteen desserts”), symbolizing Jesus and the apostles.&nbsp;● The Basque Country, Brittany, Corsica, and the Savoie all have their own festive dishes, songs, and legends.&nbsp;These customs are more than regional pride - they’re living traditions passed down from family to family.&nbsp; <h3>3. A celebration that adapts: modern influences and shared values&nbsp;</h3>French Christmas isn’t stuck in time; like the language itself, it evolves while keeping its soul. New styles and influences Over the past few decades, the celebration has welcomed inspirations from: ● Nordic minimalism and natural decorations,&nbsp;● British and American Christmas movies and music,&nbsp;● international cuisine (yes, sushi can appear at a French réveillon),&nbsp;● and eco-friendly trends like second-hand gifts or homemade ornaments.&nbsp; The French enjoy tradition, but they also enjoy reinventing it.&nbsp; Solidarity at the center&nbsp; Despite the festive atmosphere, Christmas in France also emphasizes generosity and kindness. Many families donate to charities, volunteer for food drives, or invite neighbors spending the holidays alone.&nbsp;For many French people, celebrating Christmas also means:&nbsp;● helping those in need,&nbsp;● supporting community initiatives,&nbsp;● or participating in local events organized by towns and associations.&nbsp; It’s a season where warmth extends beyond the home.&nbsp; A holiday that continues to bring people together&nbsp;Whether religious or not, families across France gather around the same table, share similar dishes, exchange stories, and enjoy the simple pleasure of being together. Christmas here is not just a moment in the calendar - it’s a shared experience across generations.&nbsp; <h3>4. Why learning about Christmas in France matters for language learners&nbsp;</h3>For French learners, especially at B2-C1 level, discovering holiday traditions isn’t just cultural knowledge - it’s linguistic gold.&nbsp; You gain:&nbsp;● vocabulary linked to food, family, and celebrations,&nbsp;● insight into regional diversity,● a better understanding of French humor and storytelling,&nbsp;● and a more intuitive sense of what matters to French people.&nbsp; Talking about Christmas is a great way to build rapport with native speakers - everyone has a story, a tradition, or a favorite dish to share.

Christmas in France: A Blend of History, Tradition, and Modern Warmth

Christmas in Portugal is a warm, family-centred celebration, and food plays a central role in bringing everyone together.From the North to the islands, each region has its own festive dishes — and an important distinction between Christmas Eve (December 24) and Christmas Day (December 25) meals, d

Christmas in Portugal is a warm, family-centred celebration, and food plays a central role in bringing everyone together. From the North to the islands, each region has its own festive dishes — and an important distinction between Christmas Eve (December 24) and Christmas Day (December 25) meals, dishes that have been passed down through generations..&nbsp;Here’s a delicious journey through Portugal’s most iconic Christmas meals, from hearty main dishes to irresistible desserts. <h3>North of Portugal</h3>✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve (“Consoada”) Bacalhau da ConsoadaThe most traditional dish is boiled salted cod with potatoes, cabbage, carrots, and a generous drizzle of olive oil.This simple meal reflects the Catholic tradition of eating fish before midnight. Polvo à Lagareiro (in some areas)In several northern towns, roasted octopus is just as traditional and may replace cod. Rabanadas do NorteThe famous northern-style rabanadas — often soaked in wine or port — are essential on Christmas Eve. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Roast MeatsChristmas Day in the North is much richer, featuring:Roast lamb (borrego)Roast goat (cabrito)Roast veal (vitela assada)These dishes are slow-cooked and served with potatoes and oven juices.Toucinho do Céu and Bolo ReiDesserts on the 25th include almond-based sweets and the traditional Bolo Rei. <h3>&nbsp;Central of Portugal&nbsp;</h3> ✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve Bacalhau CozidoLike most of the country, the central regions serve boiled cod with vegetables.Filhós &amp; SonhosThese fried pastries—thin filhós or pumpkin sonhos—are everywhere on Christmas Eve. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Cabrito AssadoThe star of the 25th is roast kid (cabrito), served with potatoes and a flavorful sauce.This meal is richer and more festive than the lighter Christmas Eve dinner.Arroz Doce and Bolo ReiRice pudding and fruitcake complete the day. <h3>Lisbon and Surrounding Areas</h3> ✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve Bacalhau com TodosLisbon follows tradition with simple, comforting cod with all the vegetables. Azevias and Broas CastelaresThese sweet pastries — filled with chickpea or sweet potato — are especially popular on the 24th. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Roast Turkey or Roast LambFamilies in Lisbon often prepare:Roast turkeyRoast lambor Pork dishes for Christmas lunch. French Toast (Rabanadas)On the 25th, rabanadas are served alongside Bolo Rei or Bolo Rainha. <h3>Alentejo</h3> ✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve Bacalhau AlentejanoCod is still traditional on the 24th, but Alentejo flavours shine through in garlic-heavy preparations. Azevias and Filhós de FormaThe region is known for its variety of fried sweets. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Carne de Porco à Alentejana or Roasted PorkThe Alentejo is famous for pork dishes, and Christmas Day highlights this:Marinated pork dishesPork with clamsRoast pork with potatoesSericaia com Ameixa d’ElvasA true Alentejano Christmas dessert. <h3>Algarve</h3> ✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve Seafood DishesIn some coastal families, Christmas Eve includes:Fish cataplanaSeafood stewsCod is also common, but seafood plays a bigger role than in the north. Doce Fino and Dom RodrigoEgg-rich, almond-based sweets are a must. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Roast Turkey or LambChristmas lunch is usually meat-based, similar to Lisbon:Roast turkeyRoast lambPork roast Morgado do AlgarveA traditional almond sweet often served on the 25th. <h3>🏝 Madeira</h3> ✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve Carne Vinha d’AlhosThe island’s most iconic Christmas dish — pork marinated for days in wine, garlic, and spices — is fried and served on the 24th. Bolo de MelThough eaten all season, the honey cake is very traditional on the 24th. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Roast Turkey or Roast KidChristmas Day lunch often features meat dishes, especially:Roast turkeyRoast kid (cabrito) Queijadas da MadeiraSmall, sweet cheese pastries complement the meal. <h3>🏞 Azores</h3> ✨ December 24 – Christmas Eve Fish-Based DishesCod or other fish dishes dominate Christmas Eve, respecting the tradition of avoiding meat before midnight.Coscorões Crispy fried pastries are especially popular on the 24th. 🎉 December 25 – Christmas Day Alcatra da TerceiraA slow-cooked beef stew with wine and spices, deeply comforting and aromatic — perfect for Christmas lunch.Massa Sovada A soft sweet bread traditionally eaten on special occasions, including Christmas Day. Final Thoughts – About Christmas FoodAcross Portugal, Christmas Eve is traditionally simpler and focused on fish dishes, reflecting long-standing religious customs. Christmas Day, however, brings abundance to the table, with rich roast meats and a wide variety of regional desserts. Exploring these traditions about Christmas food in English is a wonderful way to discover Portugal’s culinary diversity and share its festive spirit with learners around the world. Which region would be your favorite place to spend Christmas?&nbsp; What do people do at Christmas?&nbsp;During Christmas in Portugal, families come together to celebrate traditions that have been passed down for generations. On December 24th, relatives gather for the “Consoada,” a warm and intimate dinner where everyone shares stories, prepares traditional dishes, and enjoys homemade desserts. After dinner, families often attend Midnight Mass, known as the “Missa do Galo,” before returning home to open a few presents. On December 25th, the celebration continues with a long and festive lunch. This is a day filled with laughter, conversation, and generous portions of regional food. Children play with their new toys, adults relax around the table, and the atmosphere is cozy and joyful. For many Portuguese families, Christmas is not only about food — it is about being together, strengthening bonds, and creating memories that last for years. What is Christmas like in your country?&nbsp;

A Taste of Christmas: Traditional Holiday Dishes Around Portugal

When studying Italian, many learners quickly come across three little words that seem deceptively simple: buono, bene, and bello. At first glance, they all look like translations of the English word good. But once you start using them in conversation, it becomes clear that each has its own specific 

When studying Italian, many learners quickly come across three little words that seem deceptively simple: buono, bene, and bello. At first glance, they all look like translations of the English word good. But once you start using them in conversation, it becomes clear that each has its own specific role.&nbsp; Mixing them up is one of the most common mistakes for Italian learners, and it can lead to sentences that sound awkward or even confusing to native speakers. This article will guide you through the differences step by step, with examples, grammar notes, and tips for usage. By the end, you’ll know exactly when to say buono, when to say bene, and when to say bello.&nbsp; <h3>1. Buono – Good in Quality, Kind, or Tasty&nbsp;</h3>The word buono is an adjective, which means it modifies nouns. It expresses the quality of a person, thing, or experience, often in the sense of being good, useful, tasty, or morally kind.&nbsp; Forms of buono&nbsp;Because it is an adjective, buono changes its ending depending on gender and number: ● buono (masculine singular)&nbsp;● buona (feminine singular)&nbsp;● buoni (masculine plural)&nbsp;● buone (feminine plural)&nbsp; There are also shortened forms when it precedes a noun, similar to how bello changes before certain consonants (e.g., un buon amico).&nbsp; Examples&nbsp;● Questa pizza è buona.&nbsp;→ This pizza is good (quality of the pizza).● Marco è un buon amico.&nbsp;→ Marco is a good friend (quality of the friendship, kindness).&nbsp;● Oggi ho avuto una buona giornata.&nbsp;→ Today I had a good day.&nbsp;● È stato un lavoro buono, ma non perfetto.&nbsp;→ It was a good job, but not perfect.&nbsp; Special Note on Taste&nbsp;In Italian, when talking about food, buono almost always means “tasty.” If you say Il gelato è buono, you’re not just saying the gelato is “good” in some vague sense, but specifically that it tastes delicious.&nbsp; Rule of thumb: Use buono when describing the inherent quality of a noun. If in English you would say “a good [something],” you probably need buono.&nbsp; <h3>2. Bene – Well, in a Good Way&nbsp;</h3> The word bene is not an adjective but an adverb. That means it doesn’t describe nouns but verbs, adjectives, or entire sentences. In other words, it answers the question “How?” rather than “What kind?”.&nbsp; Examples&nbsp;● Sto bene, grazie.&nbsp;→ I’m well, thanks.&nbsp;● Parli italiano molto bene.&nbsp;→ You speak Italian very well.&nbsp;● Dormire bene è importante per la salute.&nbsp;→ Sleeping well is important for health.&nbsp;● Se ti comporti bene, ti compro un gelato.&nbsp;→ If you behave well, I’ll buy you an ice cream.&nbsp; Notice that bene never changes form. Unlike buono or bello, it stays the same regardless of gender or number. That’s because adverbs in Italian are invariable.&nbsp; Common MistakeLearners often say Parli italiano buono (literally “you speak Italian good”), translating directly from English. But in Italian, since we’re describing how someone speaks, we need the adverb: Parli italiano bene.&nbsp; Rule of thumb: Use bene when you could say “well” in English, or when describing the manner in which something is done.&nbsp; <h3>3. Bello – Beautiful, Nice, Pleasant&nbsp;</h3>The third word, bello, is also an adjective. However, unlike buono, it usually refers to appearance, attractiveness, or pleasantness. It can describe people, objects, experiences, and even abstract things like ideas or feelings.&nbsp; Forms of bello&nbsp;Just like buono, the word bello changes for gender and number:&nbsp;● bello (masculine singular)&nbsp;● bella (feminine singular)&nbsp;● belli (masculine plural)&nbsp;● belle (feminine plural)&nbsp;It also has special forms (bel, bell’) when placed before certain nouns, much like buono. For example:&nbsp;● un bel film (a beautiful/great movie)&nbsp;● una bell’amica (a beautiful/great friend)&nbsp; Examples&nbsp;● Che bella giornata!&nbsp;→ What a beautiful day!&nbsp;● È un bel libro, mi è piaciuto molto.&nbsp;→ It’s a beautiful/nice book, I really enjoyed it.&nbsp;● La casa nuova è molto bella.&nbsp;→ The new house is very beautiful.● È stato un viaggio bellissimo.&nbsp;→ It was a wonderful trip.&nbsp; Notice that bello often translates as “beautiful,” but in colloquial Italian it’s also used to mean “nice” or even “great” when talking about experiences. Saying un bel film can mean “a really good movie” in terms of enjoyment, not just appearance.&nbsp; Rule of thumb: Use bello when you’re describing attractiveness, beauty, or pleasant experiences. If in English you would say “beautiful” or “nice,” you probably want bello.&nbsp; <h3>Comparing Them Side by Side&nbsp;</h3> Now let’s look at some sentences where the difference between buono, bene, and bello becomes clearer:&nbsp;1. È un buon libro.&nbsp;→ It’s a good book (quality, well-written).&nbsp;2. È un bel libro.&nbsp;→ It’s a beautiful/nice book (appearance or enjoyable to read).&nbsp;3. Scrive bene.&nbsp;→ He/She writes well (manner of writing).&nbsp; Another example with food:&nbsp;● La pasta è buona. → The pasta tastes good.&nbsp;● È un piatto bello. → It’s a beautiful dish (presentation).&nbsp;● Ha cucinato bene. → He/She cooked well (manner of cooking).&nbsp; <h3>Cultural Note: Bello in Everyday Italian&nbsp;</h3> It’s worth pointing out that Italians use bello far more often than English speakers use “beautiful.” In casual speech, it can describe almost anything pleasant:&nbsp;● Che bello! → How nice! / That’s great!&nbsp;● È bello rivederti. → It’s nice to see you again.● Fa bel tempo oggi. → The weather is nice today.&nbsp; In these cases, bello doesn’t mean “beautiful” in the artistic sense but simply “good” or “pleasant.” This flexibility makes it one of the most common adjectives you’ll hear in Italian conversation.&nbsp; <h3>Quick Recap&nbsp;</h3>● Buono → adjective for quality, usefulness, or kindness.&nbsp;○ Un buon amico, una buona pizza.&nbsp;● Bene → adverb for actions (well, in a good way).&nbsp;○ Parlare bene, dormire bene.&nbsp;● Bello → adjective for appearance or pleasantness.&nbsp;○ Una bella giornata, un bel film.&nbsp; Think of them this way:&nbsp;● Buono = good in essence.&nbsp;● Bene = done well.&nbsp;● Bello = beautiful or nice to experience.&nbsp; <h3>Conclusion&nbsp;</h3>Mastering the difference between buono, bene, and bello is a small but important step toward sounding more natural in Italian. By remembering their grammatical roles—buono (adjective of quality), bene (adverb of manner), and bello (adjective of beauty/pleasantness)—you’ll avoid common mistakes and express yourself more clearly.&nbsp; Next time you want to compliment a meal, praise someone’s work, or describe a sunny day in Italy, you’ll know exactly which word to choose. And once you start noticing how Italians use these words in everyday conversation, the distinctions will become second nature.&nbsp; Now it’s your turn!Now that you have learned the main differences, write two sentences in the comments: one using “buono”, “bene” and “bello”. I’ll be happy to correct you!

Buono, Bene, Bello: Understanding the Differences in Italian

  To be or not to be... that is the question! Shakespeare might definitely not have been referring to the Italian verb dilemma, but one of his most famous lines raises an essential point when it comes to Italian grammar. So let’s rephrase it for our purposes: ‘Essere or... avere?’ If you h

<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d4pbr7ruk02c73ehupug.png"> To be or not to be... that is the question!&nbsp;Shakespeare might definitely not have been referring to the Italian verb dilemma, but one&nbsp;of his most famous lines raises an essential point when it comes to Italian grammar. So let’s rephrase it for our purposes:&nbsp;‘Essere or... avere?’&nbsp; If you have ever wondered which one to use in the Passato Prossimo, this article is for&nbsp;you.&nbsp;Today, we will look at:&nbsp; 1. When to use ‘essere’ and ‘avere’&nbsp;2. How to use ‘essere’&nbsp;3. How to use ‘avere’&nbsp;Are you ready? Let’s dive in! 1. When to use ‘essere’ and ‘avere’&nbsp; The Passato Prossimo is formed with two parts:&nbsp; 1. an auxiliary (helping) verb that can be either ‘essere’ or ‘avere’ 2. the past participle of the main verb&nbsp;In English, it is similar to saying “I have eaten” (ho mangiato) or “I have gone” (sono&nbsp;andato).&nbsp;But in Italian, to form the past some verbs require ‘avere’, while others use ‘essere’. This choice depends on the type of verb:&nbsp; <ul><li>Avere: when the verb has a direct object (you can ask “what?” or “whom?”) </li><li>Essere: when the verb shows movement, change of state, or being, and there is&nbsp;no direct object&nbsp;</li></ul> Let’s see how it works.&nbsp; 2. How to use ‘essere’&nbsp; We use ‘essere’ as the auxiliary with:&nbsp;• Intransitive verbs (verbs that do not take a direct object)&nbsp;• Reflexive verbs (verbs like alzarsi, vestirsi, divertirsi)&nbsp; Here are the most common verbs that take ‘essere’:&nbsp;<ul><li>Andare (to go)&nbsp;</li><li>Arrivare (to arrive)&nbsp;</li><li>Cadere (to fall)&nbsp;</li><li>Crescere (to grow)&nbsp;</li><li>Diventare (to become)</li><li>Entrare (to enter)&nbsp;</li><li>Essere (to be)&nbsp;</li><li>Morire (to die)&nbsp;</li><li>Nascere (to be born)&nbsp;</li><li>Partire (to leave, to depart)&nbsp;</li><li>Piacere (to like)&nbsp;</li><li>Rimanere (to stay, to remain)&nbsp;</li><li>Salire (to go up, to climb)&nbsp;</li><li>Scendere (to go down)&nbsp;</li><li>Stare (to be, to stay)&nbsp;</li><li>Tornare (to return)&nbsp;</li><li>Uscire (to go out)&nbsp;</li><li>Venire (to come)&nbsp;</li></ul> Notice anything? They all describe a change in state or movement: going somewhere, becoming&nbsp;something, or existing in a certain state.&nbsp; Also, they are often followed by a preposition (e.g., andare a Roma, venire da Milano).&nbsp;Grammar note: When using ‘essere’, the past participle must agree with the subject in gender and&nbsp;number.&nbsp; e.g.:&nbsp;• Luca è andato a casa (singular and masculine, thus ending in –o). → Luca went&nbsp;home.&nbsp;• Maria è andata a casa (singular and feminine, thus ending in –a). → Maria went&nbsp;home.&nbsp;• I ragazzi sono arrivati (plural and masculine, thus ending in –i). → The boys arrived. • Le ragazze sono arrivate. (plural and feminine, thus ending in –e). → The girls&nbsp;arrived. 3. How to use ‘avere’&nbsp; We use ‘avere’ with transitive verbs, that is verbs that take a direct object. If you can ask “What?” or “Whom?” after the verb, you will likely use ‘avere’. e.g.:&nbsp; • Ho mangiato una pizza. → I ate a pizza. (What did I eat? → a pizza) • Hai comprato il libro? → Did you buy the book? (What did you buy? → the book) • Abbiamo visto un film. → We watched a movie. (What did you watch? → a movie)&nbsp; Some very common verbs that take ‘avere’:&nbsp;<ul><li>Ascoltare (to listen)&nbsp;</li><li>Bere (to drink)&nbsp;</li><li>Comprare (to buy)&nbsp;</li><li>Dire (to say, to tell)&nbsp;</li><li>Fare (to do)&nbsp;</li><li>Guardare (to watch)&nbsp;</li><li>Leggere (to read)&nbsp;</li><li>Mangiare (to eat)&nbsp;</li><li>Scrivere (to write)&nbsp;</li><li>Studiare (to study)&nbsp;</li></ul> Grammar note: When using ‘avere’, the past participle usually stays the same, no matter who the&nbsp;subject is.&nbsp; e.g.:&nbsp;• Luca ha mangiato. → Luca ate&nbsp;• Maria ha mangiato. → Maria ate&nbsp;• Loro hanno mangiato. → They ate However, if there is a direct object pronoun before the verb (lo, la, li, le), agreement may&nbsp;follow the ‘essere’ rule, therefore it must agree with the subject in gender and number:&nbsp; • L’ho vista ieri. → I saw her yesterday.&nbsp;• Li ho incontrati a scuola. → I met them at school.&nbsp; Quick tip:&nbsp;If you are not sure whether to use ‘essere’ or ‘avere’, ask yourself: Can I add a direct object (something or someone) after the verb)?&nbsp; If the answer is:&nbsp;Yes → Use ‘avere’.&nbsp;No → Use ‘essere’.&nbsp;e.g.:&nbsp;• Ho corso una maratona. → I ran a marathon. (direct object → avere) • Sono corso a casa. → I ran home. (movement → essere)&nbsp; Same verb, different auxiliary, and slightly different meanings!&nbsp; That is all for today’s lesson!&nbsp;I hope you found this article useful and that you learned something.&nbsp;It might feel tricky at first, but the more you listen and read in Italian, the more natural it&nbsp;becomes.&nbsp; Think of ‘essere’ as the helper for movement and being, and ‘avere’ as the helper for&nbsp;doing and having.Of course, if you have any questions or other topics you would like me to cover, let me&nbsp;know in the comments below.&nbsp; Thank you for reading this article!&nbsp;If you want to learn more about me, feel free to check out my profile. Ciao!&nbsp;Germana

Italian Passato Prossimo:  When to use ‘essere’ and ‘avere’

English is spoken all over the world, but did you know that the same word can mean very different things depending on where you are? This can be confusing for learners, but it’s also really fun to explore.Today, I want to share some examples of words that change meaning in American English, Britis

English is spoken all over the world, but did you know that the same word can mean very different things depending on where you are? This can be confusing for learners, but it’s also really fun to explore.Today, I want to share some examples of words that change meaning in American English, British English, and South African English. By the end, you might understand why traveling or talking to friends from other countries can sometimes be a little… confusing&nbsp; 1. Chips<ul><li>American English: Chips = thin, crispy slices of potato you eat as a snack (like Lay’s).</li><li>British English: Chips = thick, fried potato sticks (what Americans call French fries).</li><li>South African English: Chips = same as British English, thick fried potatoes.</li></ul> 2. Boot<ul><li>American English: Boot = a kind of shoe that covers your ankle or higher.</li><li>British English: Boot = the trunk of a car.</li><li>South African English: Boot = same as British English.</li></ul> So, if someone in London tells you, “Put it in the boot,” they definitely don’t mean shoes. I always have to remind my students of this one, it’s a fun little trap for travelers. 3. Football<ul><li>American English: Football = American football (the one with touchdowns, helmets, and big pads).</li><li>British English: Football = soccer (the game most of the world calls football).</li><li>South African English: Football = soccer, but rugby is also very popular.</li></ul> Fun fact: In South Africa, if you just say “football,” people usually think soccer but if you say “the rugby match,” everyone knows what you mean. Sports can get tricky! 4. Biscuit<ul><li>American English: Biscuit = soft bread roll, usually eaten with breakfast or gravy.</li><li>British English: Biscuit = sweet, crunchy cookie.</li><li>South African English: Biscuit = same as British, a sweet cookie.</li></ul> I always smile when I explain this one. If you go to a café in the UK and ask for a biscuit, don’t be surprised if it’s tiny and crunchy, not soft and warm like an American biscuit. 5. Lift<ul><li>American English: Lift = to pick something up.</li><li>British English: Lift = elevator.</li><li>South African English: Lift = elevator (same as British).&nbsp;</li></ul>Fun fact: I’ve had students stand around confused in a building asking, “Where is the lift?” while Americans are thinking, “Oh, just lift it up!” Always a good laugh in class. 6. Jumper<ul><li>American English: Jumper = someone who jumps.</li><li>British English: Jumper = a warm sweater.</li><li>South African English: Jumper = sweater (same as British).</li></ul>So if someone says, “It’s cold, put on a jumper,” don’t look around for a person ready to jump. 7. Holiday<ul><li>American English: Holiday = a public holiday (like Christmas or Thanksgiving).</li><li>British English: Holiday = vacation, a trip somewhere for fun.</li><li>South African English: Holiday = same as British English.</li></ul>This one can confuse learners a lot. If your British friend says, “I’m on holiday,” they probably mean they are traveling somewhere fun, not just enjoying a public holiday. 8. Rubber<ul><li>American English: Rubber = the material (like erasers or tires).</li><li>British English: Rubber = eraser.</li><li>South African English: Rubber = eraser.</li></ul>Fun fact: In the US, if you ask for a rubber, it could get very confusing! In South Africa, though, you can safely ask for a rubber in school and get exactly what you mean. 9. Trolley<ul><li>American English: Trolley = tram or streetcar (in some regions).</li><li>British English: Trolley = shopping cart.</li><li>South African English: Trolley = shopping cart.</li></ul>So next time you push your trolley in a South African or UK supermarket, you can smile knowing Americans might be imagining a tram moving down the street. 10. Robot<ul><li>American English: Robot = a machine that can do tasks automatically, like in factories or movies.</li><li>British English: Robot = same as American English, but sometimes also used for automatic machines like a vacuum cleaner.</li><li>South African English: Robot = traffic light! Yes, we actually say “robot” instead of a traffic light.</li></ul> 11. Garage<ul><li>American English: Garage = a building or space next to a house where you park your car.</li><li>British English: Garage = a place where you get your car fixed or serviced.</li><li>South African English: Garage = petrol station (you go there to fill up your car).</li></ul> <h3>Why this is helpful for learners</h3> Understanding these differences:<ul><li>Helps you avoid small embarrassing mistakes.</li><li>Makes watching movies or reading books easier.</li><li>Helps you sound more natural depending on which English you are learning.</li></ul>Tip: When talking to someone from another country, it’s okay to ask: “Which kind of chips do you mean?” or “Do you mean football as in soccer or American football?” It’s fun and shows you’re paying attention. Question for youHave you ever used a word in English and someone misunderstood you because of the country? Or do you know other words that have different meanings in American, British, and South African English?&nbsp;

Same Word, Different Meaning: American, British, and South African English

A deeper look into the inner strength behind your voice  Many women share a version of the same moment with me.They are brilliant in their work.They handle crises.They lead teams, raise families, build careers.But when they need to express themselves in English — especially when it matters — som

A deeper look into the inner strength behind your voice<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d4pb88bc6usc738gagf0.png"> Many women share a version of the same moment with me. They are brilliant in their work.They handle crises.They lead teams, raise families, build careers.But when they need to express themselves in English — especially when it matters — something shifts. One woman described it this way:“I open my mouth, and it feels like my voice doesn’t belong to me.” Another said:“I feel strong in my own language. In English, I feel smaller than I actually am.” And a third:“I know the answer. I just can’t get it out when everyone is looking at me.” Across interviews, meetings, and presentations, the pattern repeats:• the voice tightens• the breath shortens• the pace accelerates• the clarity dissolves Not because the woman lacks ability.Because the moment puts pressure on her nervous system. Most people assume this is about vocabulary or grammar.It isn’t.Even women with excellent English experience this.The real collapse happens in the inner state. <h3>Why Women Lose Confidence Under Pressure (What I’ve Observed)</h3> After thousands of conversations with women from different industries — tech, HR, academia, design, business development, law, healthcare — one truth keeps appearing: Women don’t freeze because they don’t know English.They freeze because they stop feeling like themselves.<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d4pb963uk02c73ehumkg.png"> Here are common patterns women describe:<ul><li>“My ideas were clear until they asked me the first question.”</li><li>“My voice becomes so soft I barely hear myself.”</li><li>“I start speaking too fast and can’t stop.”</li><li>“I feel like I’m being judged, even when no one is judging me.”</li><li>“I translate in my head and panic about making a mistake.”</li></ul>These reactions have nothing to do with intelligence or skill.They also have nothing to do with “women being shy.”Women are not shy.Women are exhausted by pressure — external and internal. Confidence doesn’t come from adding more English.It comes from returning to a calmer internal rhythm, one that supports your thinking instead of suffocating it. <h3>🎯 A Simple 3-Step Reset Before You Speak</h3>A tool I’ve seen women use successfully in interviews, promotions, team meetings, and presentationsThese steps are simple, but when combined, they help you shift from “performing” to “being present.” 1. Reset the Inner Rush Before answering, take one slow breath.Not to stall.Not to impress.But to bring your nervous system back into balance. A soft phrase you can use:“Give me a moment to think…” One woman told me this tiny pause became her “anchor.”It stopped the panic before it rose. 2. Choose the Clear Version of Your Thought Women often feel they must sound polished, perfect, or impressive.This pressure creates complexity — which then creates anxiety. Try asking yourself silently:“What is the simple version of what I want to say?”Simple English is not basic.Simple English is confident English. Another woman shared:“When I stopped trying to sound ‘smart’ and instead tried to sound clear, everything changed.” 3. Speak in a Calm, Even Rhythm Most confidence issues come from speed, not mistakes.A woman I worked with said she sounded “like someone running after her own sentence.”When she slowed down by just 10%, she told me:“My voice sounded like someone I would trust.” Try this:• record a short answer• slow your pace slightly• listen to how your tone becomes deeper and steadierThis is how presence is felt — not through volume, but through rhythm. <h3>🔍 What Confident English Actually Sounds Like</h3>(A real pattern seen across many successful women and men)<img src="https://ofs-cdn.italki.com/u/internal/galaxy/message/d4pbaa9uj72s73b20oc0.png"> Interview question:“Tell me about a challenge you’ve overcome.” ❌ When nerves take the lead:“Uhm… I’m not sure… maybe time management…” ✅ When the inner state is calm:“One challenge I faced last year was managing two projects at once. I learned to prioritize better, and we met both deadlines.” Notice the difference:Clear.Honest.Steady. Confidence is not loud or aggressive.It is aligned. <h3>💡 Common Confidence Killers for Women</h3>These are not personality flaws.They are protective habits formed under pressure. 🚫 speaking too fast🚫 shrinking your voice🚫 apologizing for your English🚫 constantly doubting your clarity🚫 trying to translate perfectly🚫 holding your breath without noticing One woman said,“I realized my English wasn’t the problem. My tension was.”This realization becomes a turning point for many. <h3>🎙️ Useful Phrases That Create Calm and Presence</h3> • “That’s a great question.”• “From my experience…”• “Let me think for a moment.”• “Here’s what I’ve learned.”• “I’d like to add something.”These short phrases create structure — and structure creates steadiness. <h3>🌿 Final Thought</h3> Confidence in English is not a performance.It is a state.A state where your ideas feel close, your breath feels steady, and your voice feels like your own. Before your next important conversation, try this:• reset your inner state• choose the clear version of your idea• speak in a calm, even rhythm Your English doesn’t need to be perfect.It needs to be present, grounded, and connected to who you are.That’s where real confidence begins. Written by Anatoly Glazkov(Based on experience supporting women across industries as they develop calm, clear, confident communication under pressure.)

How to Sound Confident in English (Even When You’re Nervous)

Marketing is a crucial part of every business. It involves promoting products or services, understanding customer needs, and creating strategies to increase sales. For ESL (English as a Second Language) learners, learning marketing vocabulary and phrases in English is essential for professional comm

Marketing is a crucial part of every business. It involves promoting products or services, understanding customer needs, and creating strategies to increase sales. For ESL (English as a Second Language) learners, learning marketing vocabulary and phrases in English is essential for professional communication, writing reports, and participating in marketing discussions. This article will guide you through key marketing terms, phrases, and practical examples for workplace use. Why Marketing Vocabulary Matters<ul><li>Communicate Professionally: Discuss strategies, campaigns, and results with colleagues.</li><li>Understand Reports and Data: Read marketing reports, analytics, and campaign summaries.</li><li>Improve Career Opportunities: Roles in marketing, sales, or business development require English proficiency.</li><li>Present Ideas Clearly: Explain campaigns, promotions, and strategies confidently.</li></ul> Key Marketing Vocabulary 1. Target Audience:The group of people a product or service is aimed at.Example: “Our target audience for this campaign is young professionals aged 25–35.” 2. Brand:A company’s identity, including logo, values, and reputation.Example: “We want to improve our brand image through social media.” 3. Campaign:A coordinated marketing effort to promote a product or service.Example: “The advertising campaign increased sales by 15%.” 4. Market Research:Collecting and analyzing information about customers and competitors.Example: “Market research shows that customers prefer eco-friendly products.” 5. Promotion:Activities to increase awareness and sales.Example: “We are planning a promotion to launch the new product.” 6. Sales Funnel:The process of turning potential customers into buyers.Example: “We need to improve our sales funnel to increase conversions.” 7. Engagement:How customers interact with a brand or content.Example: “Social media engagement has grown by 20% this month.” 8. Conversion Rate:The percentage of people who take the desired action (e.g., buy, sign up).Example: “Our website conversion rate improved after redesigning the homepage.” 9. ROI (Return on Investment):Measures how much profit is gained from marketing investments.Example: “The campaign had a high ROI, making it very successful.” 10. Content Marketing:Creating and sharing content to attract and engage customers.Example: “We use content marketing to educate our audience about our products.” <h3>Common Marketing Phrases</h3> Discussing Strategies:<ul><li>“We need to develop a marketing strategy for the new product.”</li><li>“Our strategy focuses on increasing brand awareness and engagement.”</li><li>“We should target a younger audience to grow market share.”</li></ul> Analyzing Results:<ul><li>“The campaign generated a 15% increase in sales.”</li><li>“Customer engagement has improved compared to last quarter.”</li><li>“The conversion rate is lower than expected; we need to adjust our approach.”</li></ul> Planning Campaigns:<ul><li>“Let’s create a content calendar for social media posts.”</li><li>“We should run a promotion to attract new customers.”</li><li>“We will launch the campaign in March and monitor its performance.”</li></ul> <h3>How ESL Learners Can Use Marketing Vocabulary</h3><ul><li>Write Reports: Describe campaign results using phrases like “The campaign achieved a high ROI” or “Engagement increased by 10%.”</li><li>Present Campaigns: Use simple sentences to explain strategies and results.</li><li>Participate in Meetings: Use expressions like “I suggest targeting a different audience” or “We could improve conversion by redesigning the website.”</li><li>Communicate with Clients: Explain marketing plans and outcomes clearly using professional language.</li></ul> Example DialogueManager: “How did the social media campaign perform?”You: “Engagement increased by 25%, and the conversion rate improved by 10%. The campaign had a high ROI, so it was very successful.” Colleague: “Do you think we should target a new audience?”You: “Yes, market research suggests young professionals are more likely to respond to our promotion.” <h3>Tips for ESL Learners</h3><ul><li>Practice Vocabulary: Learn and use terms like target audience, engagement, ROI, and conversion.</li><li>Use Simple Sentences: Clear communication is better than complex grammar.</li><li>Understand Context: Marketing vocabulary often depends on campaigns, products, and customers.</li><li>Read Reports: Analyze marketing case studies or reports in English to see vocabulary in action.</li><li>Role-Play Conversations: Practice explaining campaigns or results with a partner or teacher.</li></ul> Learning marketing vocabulary and phrases in English helps ESL learners communicate effectively, understand reports, and participate in professional discussions. By practicing these terms, writing reports, and speaking confidently about marketing strategies, you can improve your professional skills and contribute to business success. Which marketing term do you use most in your work?&nbsp;

Marketing Vocabulary and Phrases for Business English Learners

Make your answers confident, clear, and professionalWhen preparing for a job interview, most people focus on what they want to say - their education, experience, and goals. But how you say it can be just as important as what you say. One of the best ways to sound confident and professional is by usi

Make your answers confident, clear, and professional. When preparing for a job interview, most people focus on what they want to say - their education, experience, and goals. But how you say it can be just as important as what you say. One of the best ways to sound confident and professional is by using strong, action-oriented verbs to describe your experience. Action verbs show that you are someone who takes initiative, gets results, and contributes actively to a team. Instead of saying “I did…”, you can say “I managed…” or “I implemented…”. These words make your answers more powerful and help interviewers imagine you as a capable and proactive employee. Here are ten strong verbs you can use in your next job interview with meanings, examples, and tips for when to use them. 1. AchievedMeaning: Successfully accomplished a goal or task.Example: I achieved all my sales targets for three years in a row. This verb is perfect when you want to show results. It tells the interviewer that you set goals and met them. You can also use it with numbers or percentages to sound even more impressive:&nbsp;“I achieved a 25% increase in client satisfaction.” 2. ImplementedMeaning: Put into effect a plan, idea, or system.&nbsp;Example: I implemented a new online booking system that reduced errors by 40%. “Implemented” is a great verb for showing you can take an idea and make it real. It suggests both planning and follow-through that you don’t just think, you do. 3. LedMeaning: Guided or directed a team, project, or initiative.&nbsp;Example: I led a cross-functional team of eight people to complete a marketing campaign on time and under budget. Employers value leadership. Using “led” makes it clear that you can take charge and motivate others, whether formally as a manager or informally as a team member who takes initiative. 4. CollaboratedMeaning: Worked closely with others to achieve a common goal.&nbsp;Example: I collaborated with the design and sales departments to launch a new product line. “Collaborated” shows that you can work well with others, something every company values.It’s also a polite and professional way to show teamwork without sounding like you’re taking all the credit. 5. ManagedMeaning: Oversaw or directed a project, team, or task.&nbsp;Example: I managed a group of volunteers during a community event. This is one of the most useful business verbs. “Managed” can refer to people, budgets, time, or even problems (“I managed customer complaints effectively”). It shows you can handle responsibility and stay organized. 6. InitiatedMeaning: Started or launched a new project, program, or idea.&nbsp;Example: I initiated a mentorship program that helped new employees adjust faster. This verb is ideal when you want to show creativity and independence. It suggests you don’t wait to be told what to do, you see opportunities and take action. 7. EnhancedMeaning: Improved or added value to a process, system, or outcome.&nbsp;Example: I enhanced the company’s website, which increased traffic by 30%. Employers love hearing that you made something better. “Enhanced” sounds sophisticated and results-focused. You can use it for almost anything: performance, design, communication, or service. 8. NegotiatedMeaning: Reached agreements through discussion and compromise.&nbsp;Example: I negotiated better prices with suppliers, saving the company 10% in costs. This verb shows you can communicate well and find win-win solutions. Even if your job doesn’t involve business deals, you can still use it, for example, “I negotiated deadlines with my supervisor”. 9. DemonstratedMeaning: Showed or illustrated a particular skill or quality.&nbsp;Example: I demonstrated strong problem-solving skills while managing multiple projects at once. Use this verb to highlight your qualities or abilities. It’s a good way to give evidence: not just “I’m responsible”, but “I demonstrated responsibility by managing the company calendar.” 10. AdaptedMeaning: Adjusted to changes or challenges in a flexible and effective way.&nbsp;Example: I adapted quickly to remote work and learned new software tools to stay productive. Modern workplaces change fast. By using “adapted,” you show that you can handle change, learn new things, and stay positive in uncertain situations — all qualities employers value highly. <h3>How to Use These Verbs in Your Interview</h3><ul><li>Use the past tense for past experiences: achieved, led, managed.</li><li>Give examples instead of general statements. Instead of “I’m a good team player,” say “I collaborated with five departments to improve workflow.”</li><li>Show results where possible. Numbers, time frames, or percentages make your answers sound real and measurable.</li><li>Mix your verbs so you don’t repeat the same ones. Variety makes you sound natural and fluent.</li></ul>

10 Strong Verbs to Use in a Job Interview

1-Eça de Queirós and Os MaiasIf you study Portuguese literature, sooner or later you will come across Eça de Queirós (1845–1900), one of the greatest novelists in the Portuguese language. Often compared to writers like Flaubert or Dickens, Eça is known for his sharp social critique, his irony

1-Eça de Queirós and Os Maias If you study Portuguese literature, sooner or later you will come across Eça de Queirós (1845–1900), one of the greatest novelists in the Portuguese language. Often compared to writers like Flaubert or Dickens, Eça is known for his sharp social critique, his irony, and his brilliant realism. One of his most famous works, Os Maias (The Maias), is a novel that every Portuguese student reads at school. Published in 1888, it tells the story of three generations of the Maia family, focusing mainly on Carlos da Maia, a young doctor and aristocrat. Through his story, Eça paints a vivid portrait of Lisbon society in the 19th century, with its elegance, hypocrisy, traditions, and contradictions. Although the novel includes a love story at its centre, it is much more than that: Os Maias is a critique of the decline of the Portuguese aristocracy and a reflection on the cultural and political stagnation of the country at that time. Why is it important? Reading Os Maias is not only about enjoying a great story — it is also about understanding Portuguese history, society, and even humour. Eça’s style combines irony with detailed descriptions, making his novels both entertaining and thought-provoking. For students of Portuguese, exploring even short excerpts of Os Maias can be a great way to connect with the language and culture in a deeper way. 2- Fernando Pessoa and His Heteronyms Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935) is one of the most fascinating and complex writers in Portuguese literature. What makes him truly unique is not only his talent for poetry, but also the way he created different literary personalities, known as heteronyms. Unlike simple pseudonyms, Pessoa’s heteronyms had their own names, styles, philosophies, and even biographies. He didn’t just write under a different name — he invented entire lives. The three most famous are: <ul><li>Alberto Caeiro – A poet of nature, simplicity, and direct observation. His verses often reject metaphysics and celebrate the natural world as it is.</li></ul> <ul><li>Ricardo Reis – A more classical voice, writing in a stoic, disciplined style, influenced by ancient Greek and Roman philosophy.</li></ul> <ul><li>Álvaro de Campos – The modernist and futurist, full of passion, energy, and contradictions, expressing the chaos of modern life.</li></ul> Pessoa himself also wrote poems in his “own” voice, though he sometimes said he felt like just another heteronym among the others. Why is this important? Pessoa’s work challenges traditional ideas of identity and authorship. By splitting himself into many voices, he showed how complex the human mind can be, and how literature can give form to different perspectives on life.For learners of Portuguese, discovering Pessoa is both exciting and demanding. His language can be challenging, but his poetry is incredibly rewarding — and offers a deep insight into Portuguese culture and thought. 3- José Saramago and Fernando Pessoa’s Heteronyms José Saramago (1922–2010), the Portuguese Nobel Prize in Literature, often reflected on the legacy of earlier writers. One of his most remarkable dialogues with Portuguese literary tradition was his engagement with Fernando Pessoa and his heteronyms. In his novel O Ano da Morte de Ricardo Reis (The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis, 1984), Saramago imagines what might have happened to Pessoa’s heteronym Ricardo Reis after Pessoa’s death in 1935. Instead of “dying” with his creator, Ricardo Reis continues to exist in Lisbon, wandering through the city during the troubled years of the 1930s, a time of dictatorship and international tension. In the novel, Ricardo Reis meets the ghost of Pessoa himself, who visits him from time to time. Through their conversations, Saramago explores questions of identity, mortality, history, and the blurred line between reality and fiction. This work is a brilliant example of how one great writer (Saramago) pays tribute to another (Pessoa), while also reinventing his characters to explore new philosophical and political questions. For readers and learners of Portuguese, The Year of the Death of Ricardo Reis is not only a masterpiece of Saramago’s style — long sentences, irony, and deep reflection — but also a unique way of revisiting Pessoa’s heteronyms in a completely new light. 4- Almeida Garrett and Frei Luís de Sousa If Shakespeare had been Portuguese, perhaps he might have written something like Frei Luís de Sousa. This famous play by Almeida Garrett (1799–1854) is one of the central works of Portuguese Romanticism and a classic that every student in Portugal studies at school. The drama tells the story of Madalena de Vilhena and Manuel de Sousa Coutinho, who live happily with their daughter, Maria. However, their lives are shaken when it is discovered that Madalena’s first husband, thought to be dead, is actually still alive. This revelation makes her current marriage invalid in the eyes of society and religion. The play combines themes of love, honor, fate, and tragedy — very much in the spirit of Shakespeare. The climax is particularly powerful and devastating, leaving readers and audiences with a strong emotional impression. Why is it important? Frei Luís de Sousa is not only a love story gone wrong, but also a reflection on destiny, moral duty, and the weight of history. For learners of Portuguese, it is an opportunity to see how Romantic drama developed in Portugal, and why this play still resonates today. 5-Luís de Camões and Os Lusíadas When we talk about the great classics of Portuguese literature, we cannot miss Luís de Camões (1524?–1580) and his epic poem Os Lusíadas (The Lusiads). Published in 1572, this monumental work is often compared to Virgil’s Aeneid, but with a uniquely Portuguese soul. Os Lusíadas tells the story of the voyage of Vasco da Gama and his crew as they sail around Africa to reach India — one of the greatest achievements of the Age of Discoveries. The poem celebrates Portugal’s maritime explorations, its history, and its heroes, while also blending mythology, history, and Camões’s own reflections. The work is written in ten cantos of ottava rima (eight-line stanzas), with a musical rhythm that has made it a cornerstone of Portuguese poetry. Alongside its patriotic tone, the poem also includes moments of doubt, critique, and personal emotion, showing Camões’s depth as a writer. Why is it important?Every Portuguese student studies Os Lusíadas at school, not only for its literary beauty but also because it reflects the identity, ambition, and contradictions of Portugal in the 16th century. For learners of Portuguese, reading even small excerpts can open a window into the language’s richness and into a period of history that shaped the modern world. Exploring the classics of Portuguese literature can be a fascinating way to learn the language. Through authors like Camões, Eça de Queirós, Fernando Pessoa, Almeida Garrett, or José Saramago, students not only practice richer vocabulary and structures but also discover Portuguese culture, history, and ways of thinking. Even reading short excerpts can make learning more engaging and meaningful, because it connects the language to the cultural context that gives it life.&nbsp;

Five Classics of Portuguese literature: The most popular books

Learn about laws that protect employees' rights to rest and to disconnect from work.
Best for upper intermediate and advanced learners!
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Love is the most precious gift in the world.

In this episode, I talk about 3 tips for improving your memory and the effectiveness of your language study. 



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