As has been mentioned, "yesterday" is already defined, so it takes no article. Since "meeting" is defined as "yesterday's" (i.e. the meeting of yesterday), "meeting" does not take an article; this is a general rule. For example, we say "Gadi's friend" with no article for "Gadi" or for his friend (the possessive counts as a determiner, and is usually definite. Let me know if my answer was helpful to you or not, as there are a lot of learners who would benefit from my time.

As Sam says. Yesterday is already defined, so we don't need a definite article to further define it. It could be possible to define a yesterday that isn't the day before today, and then you would use the. The yesterday before yesterday. - That is two days ago. It would be a strange way to say it, but it is a good example of a use of the definite article. You can use it to more specifically define something that we usually think of as already being defined. I spoke to John in accounts. - There's only one John - or at least he is defined well enough by his name alone. I spoke to the John in accounts, not the John in HR. - Now the name John isn't specific enough, so we have to further define who we mean.

There are categories of words which never have the definite article e.g. names of countries, meals, but also uncountable nouns (like milk, rice, success etc). "Yesterday" is an uncountable noun (except in special phrases like "all our yesterdays"): you don't have more than one. If the sentence was, "...based on comments from the department's meeting," you would have to use the definite article because "department" is a countable noun. [PS success, mentioned above, can be both countable and uncountable].