There's actually a LOT of ways to express "think" in Chinese. There's also '看“, like in this sentence: 你看怎么样?(what do you think?) and 感觉(which is much like 觉得)
以为 means to "mistakenly think" something. The same way in English when you say you *thought* something, it implies that what you were thinking is in fact not true. 我以为他没有女朋友-I thought he didn't have a girlfriend. [but he actually does]
想 has a few meanings; to think, to want/would like to. It is like the desire of wanting to do something, but not necessarily meaning the action will happen: 我想出去外面,可是没什么打算。-I would like to go outside, but I don't have any plans. It also means 'to think',
他有姐姐吗?-Does he have an older sister?
我想没有-I don't think so.
我在想办法- I'm thinking of a method.
我想你 - I miss you.
想 is the most flexible out of all of them because it has so many meanings.
觉得 means "to think/feel."
我觉得她很可爱- I think she is so cute[this is my opinion]
我觉得不舒服- I don't feel well.
认为 is more like "believe" as in "我认为很多人住美国,可是我没去过,这就是我的想像。(I believe many people live in America, but I haven't been there. This is just my thinking.)