In the United States, a "dining hall" is a room in an institution, like a school, where people sit down at tables to eat meals. It can be formal or informal, plain or fancy, and says nothing at all about how the food gets to the table.
The essence of a "cafeteria" is that diner get their food themselves, and do it by sliding trays along rails past various stations where people pass or serve food to them. It is a common way to serve food in institutions, but there are also commercial cafeterias. A "cafeteria" suggests one very long row of serving stations, with people behind it dishing up food as you request it. A "buffet" suggests a big group of steam tables, and diners themselves use ladles or tongs to put the food onto their plates.
In the United States, "canteen" is associated mostly with _military_ dining, although it sometimes means a rudimentary snack bar that sells a few items like candy bars.