ところ refers to not only "place" but has other meanings/uses.
Regarding a place, those two are very similar as you know, but 場所 is a physical location, on the other hand, ところ refers to a smaller area or more specific position, a point of a space or time.
A. まちあわせの場所はどこですか?
B. こうえんです。
A. こうえんのどこですか?
B. ふんすいの所です。
Other uses for ところ:
・今ねるところだった (I was about to go to bed)
・べんきょうしているところです (I'm studying at the moment)
・ところで、今なんじですか?(By the way, do you have the time?)