Yes, you are right in thinking that 'The cafe has been opened for about ten minutes' is incorrect.
In the first sentence, 'open' is an adjective, referring to the state of the cafe and how long it has been in this state.
In the phrase 'has been opened', the word 'opened' is the past participle of the verb 'to open'. Obviously, the action of opening only takes a few moments - it cannot describe a continuing state, so it cannot be used with the time phrase 'for about ten minutes'.