Just to confirm what Lee has said, this time from a British perspective:
1. No - as Lee has explained.
2, 3, 4, 5. Yes, with regard to UK currency.
'A penny' is the name of small coin. In Britain, this coin is one hundredth of a pound sterling. In the US, it refers to the one cent coin - one hundredth of a dollar.
If I am not mistaken, this is the only use of the word 'penny' with regard to US currency. In the US, a penny is an object - a coin worth one cent, just as a quarter is a coin worth twenty-five cents and a nickel is a coin worth five cents. A 'penny' is not a denomination of actual currency in the US - it's just the name of a small coin. The denominations of US currency are dollars and cents.
In Britain, however, 'penny' and the plural 'pence' are also denominations of our currency. Just as the US has dollars and cents, the UK has pounds and pence. The term 'pence' refers to currency (prices, values and so on) in the UK. This is why the term 'pence' (as in 50p, fifty-pence piece, and so on) is used to refer to UK currency, but not to US currency.
Finally, just one language point:
Note that we don't use 'of' following the word 'worth'. The correct construction is 'a coin worth fifty pence', not 'of fifty pence'.
I hope that's all clear now!