It's short for "a ham actor," which means an bad actor, who overacts in an exaggerated way. It means someone who loves being the center of attention, and acts in an attention-getting way.
In the case of a dog, it means that the dog appears to be well aware when people are paying attention to him, like attention, and does things to attract attention.
"A ham even by dog standards" means that most dogs are hams. The "standard" would be the normal amount of hamminess that most dogs have. "A ham even by dog standards" means that he is even more of a ham than most dogs.