Here are my translations for you. Please consider that there could be a little bit of variation from others' suggestions.
1. an-nyung-ha-se-yo(hi). jeo-ui ee-rum-eun Kara ip-ni-da.("My name is Kara.") yul-il-kop-sal ip-ni-da.( "I'm 17 years old) they are formal expression. you don't want to be rude when you introduce yourself. agree with me? ^^
2.What is your name? - - (dang-shin-ui ee-rum-ee mu-ut-ip-ni-kka?) this sounds a bit outdated, but I am giving this because a casual one might be hard for you to pronounce.
3. Take Care! - - informal expressions: you can just say "an-nyung(bye)" or "jal-ga(go well)" for good-bye. the direct translation might be "jal-ji-nae(be well)" with dropping intonation at the end. You could use this expression, but it is more often used for "how are you?" with elevating intonation. Personally, I usually say "jal-ga" for good-bye or take-care.
4 & 6. From the Western(English) influence, some people use the direct translational expression of "Good Morning" as "jo-eun ah-chim", but we don't originally have the same expression. we just say "an-nyung" for Good morning and after as an informal...This case, you must have an elevating intonation because it could mean the good-bye with dropping and dragging intonation at the end as mentioned in #3.
5. Good night. - -"jal-ja" as an informal meaning the good sleep.
hope it help you. enjoy learning Korean, Kara. ^^